《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中“市民社会”表述的流变探析

An Analysis of the Evolution of the Expression “Bürgerliche Gesellschaft” in Theses on Feuerbach

摘要: 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》是理解马克思哲学转向的重要文本。马克思1845年手稿与恩格斯1888年发表的版本在第九、十条上存在若干差异，其中较为重要的是恩格斯将“市民社会”处理为“‘市民’社会”，并将“社会的人类”改为“社会化的人类”。这些差异并非简单文字修饰，而是关系到如何理解《提纲》中直观性立场与实践性立场的区分，以及如何评价恩格斯对马克思文本的解释性处理。本文从黑格尔市民社会理论和马克思早期对国家与市民社会关系的考察入手，梳理“市民社会”概念向历史唯物主义和政治经济学批判视域中的转化，并分析其在《提纲》第九、十条中的过渡意义。文章认为，恩格斯的修订绝不是对马克思原意的背离，而是在特定理论语境中对其思想内涵的解释性强化；但具体理解时仍需兼顾马克思手稿的原初语境与恩格斯发表版本的理论指向。

Abstract: Theses on Feuerbach is an important text for understanding Marx’s philosophical transition. There are several differences between Marx’s 1845 manuscript and Engels’s 1888 published version, especially in the ninth and tenth theses. Among them, the more significant revisions are Engels’s treatment of bürgerliche Gesellschaft (“civil society”) as “‘bürgerliche’ Gesellschaft” and his replacement of gesellschaftliche Menschheit (“social humanity”) with vergesellschaftete Menschheit (“socialized humanity”). These differences are not merely textual modifications, but concern how to understand the distinction between the intuitive standpoint and the practical standpoint in Theses on Feuerbach, as well as how to evaluate Engels’s interpretive treatment of Marx’s text. Starting from Hegel’s theory of bürgerliche Gesellschaft and Marx’s early examination of the relationship between the state and bürgerliche Gesellschaft, this paper traces the transformation of this concept into the perspectives of historical materialism and the critique of political economy, and analyzes its transitional significance in the ninth and tenth theses. The paper argues that Engels’s revisions are by no means a departure from Marx’s original meaning, but rather an interpretive reinforcement of its theoretical implications in a specific theoretical context. Nevertheless, a proper understanding should take into account both the original context of Marx’s manuscript and the theoretical orientation of Engels’s published version.