马克思对象性活动思想研究

A Study on Marx’s Theory of Objective Activity

摘要: 本文旨在通过对德国古典哲学双重困境的剖析，系统阐释马克思对象性活动原则的生成逻辑、核心内涵及其存在论革命意义。黑格尔的唯心主义辩证法虽深刻揭示了“活动”原则，却将活动归结为自我意识的纯粹精神运动；费尔巴哈的直观唯物主义虽恢复了对象的感性实在性，却丧失了“活动”的能动维度。马克思创造性地融合二者的合理内核，确立了对象性活动原则：主体是现实的、能动的自然存在物，对象是历史性生成的人化自然，主客体关系是辩证的实践互动。这一原则从根本上终结了近代哲学“意识内在性”的困境，将思维与存在的统一奠定在现实实践的基础之上，从而为历史唯物主义提供了坚实的本体论基石。

Abstract: This paper aims to systematically elucidate the generative logic, core connotations, and ontological significance of Marx’s principle of objective activity through a critical analysis of the dual predicaments inherent in German classical philosophy. Hegel’s idealist dialectics, despite profoundly grasping the principle of “activity”, ultimately reduced it to the pure spiritual movement of self-consciousness; whereas Feuerbach’s intuitive materialism, though restoring the sensory reality of objects, relinquished the active dimension of “activity”. By creatively synthesizing the rational kernels of both thinkers, Marx established the principle of objective activity: the subject is a real, active natural being; the object is historically generated humanized nature; and the subject-object relationship is a dialectical practical interaction. This principle fundamentally brings an end to the modern philosophical predicament of “consciousness immanence”, grounding the unity of thinking and being upon real practical activity, thereby providing a solid ontological foundation for historical materialism.