从异化到栖居——技术资本主义时代的设计批判与解放路径

From Alienation to Dwelling—Design Critique and Pathways to Emancipation in the Age of Technological Capitalism

摘要: 在资本主义时代，技术既是异化的加速器，同时也是蕴含解放路径的潜在媒介。本文以马克思主义的异化劳动理论与海德格尔的技术批判为双重视角，揭示设计在资本增殖机制中的矛盾性：它通过商品拜物教的符号编码与算法“座架”，将人异化为资本增殖的附庸；但与此同时，设计的内在辩证性也为重构“属人世界”提供了批判性契机。根据马克思主义的异化劳动理论，我们可以将设计领域的异化以四重形式表现出来：劳动者与劳动成果的割裂、设计过程的异化、人与人的异化，以及类本质的疏离。海德格尔则从存在论层面揭示，现代设计以技术“座架”(Gestell)将世界降格为可计算的“持存物”，遮蔽了存在的本真共在(Mitsein)。二者的批判交汇于数字资本主义的核心矛盾——技术既服务资本积累，又暗含自我否定的潜能。去异化路径的构建需从三重维度展开：重构人与世界关系、技术祛魅的实践转向、自由创造领域与慢设计栖居实践的辩证统一。最终使技术重新回归对世界的解蔽方式，劳动真正成为人自由自觉的存在方式，人可以诗意地栖居于大地之上。

Abstract: In the capitalist era, technology acts not only as an accelerator of alienation but also as a potential medium harboring emancipatory paths. Employing a dual perspective of the Marxist theory of alienated labor and the Heideggerian critique of technology, this paper elucidates the contradictory nature of design within the mechanism of capital accumulation: through the symbolic encoding of commodity fetishism and algorithmic enframing (Gestell), design alienates humans into mere appendages of capital expansion; concurrently, however, the inherent dialectics of design provides a critical juncture for reconstructing a “truly human world.” According to the Marxist theory of alienated labor, alienation within the realm of design manifests in four dimensions: the estrangement of the worker from the product of labor, the alienation of the design process itself, the alienation of man from man, and the estrangement from the human species-being (Gattungswesen). On an ontological level, Heidegger reveals that modern design, operating through technological enframing, reduces the world to calculable “standing-reserve” (Bestand), thereby concealing the authentic being-with (Mitsein) of existence. The critiques of both thinkers converge at the core contradiction of digital capitalism: technology simultaneously serves capital accumulation while harboring the potential for its own self-negation. The construction of paths toward de-alienation must unfold across three dimensions: reconstructing the relationship between humans and the world, initiating a practical turn toward the disenchantment of technology, and achieving the dialectical unity between the realm of free creation and the dwelling practices of “slow design.” Ultimately, this enables technology to return to being a mode of revealing (Poiesis) the world, allows labor to truly become a free and conscious mode of human existence, and ensures that humans can once again dwell poetically upon the earth.