人工智能在司法应用中的道德责任问题探讨

On Moral Responsibility Issues in the Judicial Application of Artificial Intelligence

摘要: 随着人工智能在司法领域的广泛应用，在提升诉讼效率的同时，也引发了深刻的道德责任困境。当法官依据人工智能辅助建议作出错误或失当判决时，传统道德责任观因人工智能的介入而面临责任主体争议、归责分配混乱、算法偏见及决策黑箱等多重挑战。基于此，本文从亚里士多德奠定的传统责任观出发，剖析其在强人工智能语境下的适用限度，并借助法律责任理论，从法律层面澄清人工智能的工具属性，彻底否定其责任主体资格。在此基础上，本文提出将归责焦点转向开发者、运营商与使用者等真正具有法律人格的行为者，并论证了构建事前责任分配协议制度与确立定期审计及可解释性人工智能法律义务的必要性，以此为司法人工智能道德责任困境提供一条在法律秩序框架内切实可行的化解路径。

Abstract: With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the judicial field, it has enhanced litigation efficiency while also giving rise to profound moral responsibility dilemmas. When judges render erroneous or inappropriate judgments based on AI-assisted recommendations, the traditional view of moral responsibility faces multiple challenges due to the intervention of artificial intelligence, including disputes over responsible subjects, chaotic allocation of accountability, algorithmic bias, and decision-making black boxes. Against this backdrop, this paper proceeds from the traditional view of responsibility established by Aristotle, analyzes its limits of applicability in the context of strong artificial intelligence, and, drawing on legal responsibility theory, clarifies the instrumental nature of artificial intelligence from a legal perspective and thoroughly rejects its qualification as a subject of responsibility. On this basis, this paper proposes shifting the focus of imputation to actors with genuine legal personality—such as developers, operators, and users—and demonstrates the necessity of establishing an ex ante responsibility allocation agreement system and enacting legal obligations for regular audits and explainable artificial intelligence, thereby providing a practical solution within the framework of legal order to resolve the moral responsibility dilemma of judicial artificial intelligence.