藏语动词的配价分类与格助词匹配研究——基于句法–语义平面的分析

A Study on the Valency Classification of Zangyu Verbs and Their Matching with Case Particles—An Analysis Based on the Syntactic-Semantic Plane

摘要: 藏语动词是句子的核心，其支配的名词性成分数目及与格助词的匹配关系是藏语语法研究的关键问题。传统藏语语法从及物性、自主性等角度对动词进行分类，但未能系统揭示动词的配价(价数)与格助词之间的内在关联。本文在配价语法与格语法理论基础上，区分句法平面与语义平面，依据“单句中由单个格助词或虚词引导的最多名词性成分数目”确定动词的配价指数(0~3价)，并系统考察每类动词所能携带的必用与禁用格助词类型。研究发现：零价动词(如判断动词、同体格动词)不带格助词或仅带同体格标记；一价不及物动词只能携带LA格；二价及物动词携带作格与LA格，二价不及物动词携带LA格与从格；三价及物使动动词携带作格、LA格与从格。据此构建了“配价–传统分类–格助词–语义角色”匹配表，提出了可计算的匹配规则。本研究为藏语句法分析、自然语言处理及词典编纂提供了形式化依据，并丰富了从属关系语法在藏语中的理论应用。

Abstract: Zangyu verbs function as the core of a sentence. The number of nominal constituents they govern and their matching relationships with case particles are key issues in Zangyu grammar research. Traditional Zangyu grammar classifies verbs from perspectives such as transitivity and volitionality, but fails to systematically reveal the intrinsic correlation between the valency of verbs and case particles. Based on Valency Grammar and Case Grammar theories, this paper distinguishes the syntactic plane from the semantic plane, and determines the valency index (0-valent to 3-valent) of verbs according to the “maximum number of nominal constituents introduced by a single case par-ticle or function word in a simple sentence”. It also systematically investigates the types of obliga-tory and prohibited case particles that each category of verbs can take. The findings indicate that: zero-valent verbs (e.g., copulas, absolutive case verbs) take no case particles or only absolutive case markers; monovalent intransitive verbs can only take the LA case particle; bivalent transitive verbs take the ergative case and the LA case, while bivalent intransitive verbs take the LA case and the ablative case; trivalent transitive causative verbs take the ergative, LA, and ablative cases. Based on these findings, a matching table of “Valency-Traditional Classification-Case Particle-Semantic Role” is constructed, and computable matching rules are proposed. This study provides a formalized basis for Zangyu syntactic analysis, natural language processing (NLP), and lexicography, while also en-riching the theoretical application of Dependency Grammar in the Zangyu.