新兴构式“爆X”的语义、语法与语用考察

A Semantic, Syntactic and Pragmatic Study of the Emerging Construction “Bao X”

摘要: 近年来，“爆改”“爆火”“爆红”等“爆X”形式的词语在网络及日常口语中高频出现。本文基于构式语法理论，以BBC语料库、人民网、央视网、中国新闻网等语料为来源，对“爆X”中符合构式化条件的词语进行考察，分析其语义虚化路径、构式特征、句法功能与语用功能。研究发现，“爆X”构式中常项“爆”经历了从表“猛然破裂”的动作义向表“程度极高”的副词义的虚化过程。变项“X”构式义制约，以单音节为主，词类上形容词和动词为主。“爆X”构式在句中可充当谓语、定语、宾语、补语。“爆X”具有主观突显、夸张渲染和反预期表达的语用功能。本文旨在揭示“爆X”作为现代汉语新兴构式的语言运作机制，为现代汉语构式研究提供个案参考。

Abstract: This study examines the emerging “Bao X” construction in Modern Chinese within the framework of Construction Grammar. Based on data from the BCC corpus, People’s Daily Online, CCTV.com, and China News Service, it investigates the semantic bleaching, constructional features, syntactic functions, and pragmatic functions of its constructionalized members. The findings show that the fixed component “Bao” has undergone a semantic shift from its original verbal meaning “to burst/explode” to a degree adverb meaning “extremely”, while the variable slot “X” is constrained by the constructional meaning, typically appearing as monosyllabic adjectives or verbs. Syntactically, the “Bao X” construction can function as predicate, attributive, object, and complement. Pragmatically, it serves subjective prominence, hyperbolic intensification, and counter-expectation marking. This paper contributes to the study of emerging constructions in Modern Chinese and offers a case study for construction grammar research.