社会保障对社会公平感的影响因素分析——基于CSS 2021数据的实证分析

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Social Security on Perceived Social Equity—An Empirical Study Based on CSS 2021 Data

摘要: 社会公平感是维护社会稳定、推进共同富裕的重要基础，社会保障作为实现社会公正的关键制度安排，其对社会公平感的影响机制亟待深入探究。本文基于2021年中国社会状况综合调查(CSS 2021)数据，选取5846份有效样本，从客观社会保障程度和主观社会保障满意度双维度，结合性别、民族等人口学控制变量，通过斯皮尔曼相关分析和分层多元线性回归分析，实证检验社会保障对居民社会公平感的影响效应。结果显示：社会公平感与主观社会保障满意度呈强正相关，与客观社会保障程度呈弱正相关；多元线性回归分析表明，主观社会保障满意度是影响社会公平感的核心因素，其解释力远高于客观社会保障程度及人口学变量。研究验证了客观社会保障程度、主观社会保障满意度对社会公平感的正向预测作用，且主观满意度的预测作用更突出，弥补了过往研究局限。本文结论为优化社会保障制度设计、提升居民主观社保感知、增强社会公平感及推进共同富裕提供了实证依据与政策参考。

Abstract: Social equity perception serves as a vital foundation for maintaining social stability and advancing common prosperity. As a key institutional arrangement for realizing social justice, the mechanism through which social security influences social equity perception requires in-depth investigation. Based on the 2021 Chinese Social Survey (CSS 2021), this study adopts 5846 valid samples and examines the effects of social security on residents’ social equity perception from both objective social security level and subjective social security satisfaction dimensions, with gender, ethnicity and other demographic variables as controls. Spearman correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple linear regression are employed in the empirical test. The results indicate that social equity perception is strongly positively correlated with subjective social security satisfaction, and weakly positively correlated with objective social security level. Multiple linear regression shows that subjective social security satisfaction is the core determinant of social equity perception, with a much higher explanatory power than objective social security and demographic variables. This study verifies the positive predictive effects of both objective social security level and subjective satisfaction on social equity perception, with the latter playing a more prominent role, thus addressing limitations in previous research. The conclusions provide empirical evidence and policy implications for optimizing social security institutional design, enhancing residents’ subjective perception of social security, strengthening social equity perception, and promoting common prosperity.