大学生心理弹性与心理困扰的多维度差异及预测因素分析：基于11300名样本的横断面研究
Multidimensional Differences and Predictors of Resilience and Psychological Distress in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of 11,300 Participants
摘要: 目的：系统分析大学生心理弹性与心理困扰在性别、年级、专业、城乡、独生子女等维度上的差异，探讨心理困扰各维度对心理弹性的预测作用，为高校精准心理干预提供实证依据。方法：采用心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)和大学生人格问卷(UPI)对11300名大学生(男性5600人，女性5700人)进行横断面调查。比较不同人口学特征在心理弹性及UPI各因子上的差异，估算UPI总分 ≥ 25分的高风险人群比例，并运用多元线性回归分析UPI各因子对心理弹性的预测作用。结果：① 男性平均年龄(20.63 ± 2.14岁)显著高于女性(20.14 ± 1.86岁) (P < 0.001)。② 心理弹性总分：男性(2.53 ± 0.71)显著高于女性(2.43 ± 0.61) (P < 0.001)；“情感管理”是男女共同最低分因子。③ UPI总分：女性(13.47 ± 11.03)显著高于男性(11.96 ± 11.31) (P < 0.001)。④ 高风险人群(UPI ≥ 25)总体占14.0% (约1583人)，女性(14.7%)高于男性(12.5%)。⑤ 双重风险(低弹性 + 高UPI)占9.8% (约1103人)，农村非独生女性群体中该比例最高(17.5%)。⑥ 年级差异：大一学生心理弹性最低、UPI最高、高风险比例最高(16.2%)。⑦ 专业差异：医学类学生心理弹性最低、UPI最高、高风险比例最高(17.1%)。⑧ 城乡差异：农村学生心理弹性更低、UPI更高(15.8% vs 12.9%)。⑨ 独生子女差异：非独生子女心理弹性更低、UPI更高(15.3% vs 12.7%)。⑩ 回归分析：UPI总分负向预测心理弹性(β = −0.42)，五因子共同解释22.0%变异；情绪易感性(β = −0.26)和认知损害(β = −0.18)是最强预测因子。结论：女性、大一、医学类、农村、非独生子女大学生是心理弹性和心理困扰的弱势群体；约七分之一学生处于高风险状态，近十分之一存在双重风险；情绪易感性和认知损害是削弱心理弹性的核心因素。高校应建立“多维分层 + 精准干预”的心理健康促进体系。
Abstract: Objective: To systematically analyze multidimensional differences in resilience and psychological distress among university students across gender, grade, major, urban-rural residence, and only-child status, and to examine the predictive effects of various dimensions of psychological distress on resilience, providing empirical evidence for precision mental health interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the University Personality Inventory (UPI) among 11,300 university students (5,600 males, 5,700 females). Differences in resilience and UPI factor scores across demographic characteristics were compared. The proportion of high-risk individuals (UPI total score ≥ 25) was estimated. Multiple linear regression was employed to examine the predictive effects of UPI factors on resilience. Results: ① Male students had a significantly higher mean age (20.63 ± 2.14 years) than females (20.14 ± 1.86 years) (P < 0.001). ② Total resilience score: males (2.53 ± 0.71) were significantly higher than females (2.43 ± 0.61) (P < 0.001); “emotion management” was the lowest-scoring factor for both genders. ③ UPI total score: females (13.47 ± 11.03) were significantly higher than males (11.96 ± 11.31) (P < 0.001). ④ Proportion of high-risk individuals (UPI ≥25): 14.0% overall (1583), females (14.7%) higher than males (12.5%). ⑤ Dual-risk (low resilience + high UPI) accounted for 9.8% (1103), with the highest proportion among rural, non-only-child females (17.5%). ⑥ Grade differences: freshmen had the lowest resilience, highest UPI, and highest risk proportion (16.2%). ⑦ Major differences: medical students had the lowest resilience, highest UPI, and highest risk proportion (17.1%). ⑧ Urban-rural differences: rural students had lower resilience and higher UPI (15.8% vs. 12.9%). ⑨ Only-child differences: non-only-child students had lower resilience and higher UPI (15.3% vs. 12.7%). ⑩ Regression analysis: UPI total score negatively predicted resilience (β = −0.42); the five UPI factors collectively explained 22.0% of the variance; emotional susceptibility (β = −0.26) and cognitive impairment (β = −0.18) were the strongest predictors. Conclusion: Female, freshman, medical, rural, and non-only-child university students are vulnerable groups with lower resilience and higher psychological distress. Approximately one in seven students is at high risk, and nearly one in ten presents dual risk. Emotional susceptibility and cognitive impairment are core factors undermining resilience. Universities should establish a “multidimensional stratified + precision intervention” mental health promotion system.
文章引用：黄雪竹, 周丽, 周波 (2026). 大学生心理弹性与心理困扰的多维度差异及预测因素分析：基于11300名样本的横断面研究. 心理学进展, 16(8), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2026.168375

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