否定类“架不住”词汇化过程及其动因机制

The Lexicalization Process and Motivational Mechanism of the Negative Structure “Jia Bu Zhu”

摘要: 副词“架不住”是由述补结构“架住”的否定式逐渐演变而来的。“架不住”书面语最早出现在清代小说《水浒传》中，随着清代白话小说的蓬勃发展，“架不住”的用例不断增多。由于当时的语义结构关系还不够稳定，在后续的运用中还出现“担架不住”“招架不住”等形式来表达客观上因力量、程度、数量等外部因素，无法抵御或支撑某种情况，导致预期之外的结果。此外，类似的可能式述补结构“V不住”如“保不齐”等都有类似的用法和语义特征。通过对“V不住”结构“架不住”的探讨和总结不仅为可能式述补结构“V不住”词汇化理论提供了具体的案例支撑，也为理解现代其形成路径及口语词汇的演变规律提供了有益参考。

Abstract: The adverb “jia bu zhu” gradually evolved from the negative form of the complement structure “jia zhu” (to withstand). The written form of “jia bu zhu” first appeared in the Qing Dynasty novel Shuihu Zhuan (Water Margin). With the flourishing development of vernacular novels in the Qing Dynasty, instances of “jiabuzhu” increased significantly. As the semantic-structural relationships at that time were not yet fully stabilized, alternative forms such as “dan jia bu zhu” (cannot bear) and “zhao jia bu zhu” (cannot fend off) also emerged in subsequent usage to express the inability to resist or sustain a certain situation due to external factors such as force, degree, or quantity, resulting in unexpected outcomes. Furthermore, similar potential complement structures like “V bu zhu”, for instance, “bao bu qi” (cannot guarantee), exhibit analogous usages and semantic features. The exploration and summary of the “V-bu zhu” structure, particularly “jia bu zhu”, not only provides concrete case support for the lexicalization theory of such potential complement structures but also offers valuable insights into understanding its evolutionary pathway and the regular patterns of colloquial vocabulary development in modern Chinese.