汉维身体部位词语义拓展对比研究

A Contrastive Study on Semantic Extension of Body-Part Terms in Chinese and Uyghur

摘要: 身体部位词作为语言中最原始、最基础的核心词汇，其语义拓展现象背后蕴含着人类认知活动的深层规律。本文以认知语言学理论为框架，选取汉语与维吾尔语中的多义身体部位词为研究对象，从义项数量、词性变化、语义拓展路径及认知机制等方面展开对比分析。研究发现，汉维身体部位词均遵循“近取诸身”的认知规律，以隐喻和转喻为核心语义拓展机制，但汉语身体部位词的语义拓展更具广泛性和抽象性，词性变化丰富。维吾尔语则更聚焦具象化表达，语义拓展多依赖词缀或词组实现。这种差异是语言类型特征、文化认知模式以及语言接触等因素共同作用的结果，能够为跨语言认知研究提供典型案例。

Abstract: As the most primitive and fundamental core vocabulary in language, body-part terms embody deep-seated principles of human cognitive activities through their semantic extension. Framed within cognitive linguistics, this paper takes polysemous body-part terms in Chinese and Uyghur as research objects and conducts a contrastive analysis from the perspectives of sense inventory, part-of-speech variation, semantic extension paths, and cognitive mechanisms. The findings reveal that both Chinese and Uyghur body-part terms follow the cognitive principle of “mapping from the human body”, with metaphor and metonymy serving as the core mechanisms of semantic extension. However, Chinese body-part terms exhibit greater extensiveness and abstractness in semantic extension, along with richer part-of-speech shifts, whereas Uyghur tends to favor more concrete and imagery-based expressions, with semantic extension largely realized through affixation or phrasal constructions. These differences result from the interplay of language typological features, cultural cognitive patterns, and language contact, and thus provide a typical case for cross-linguistic cognitive research.