流动儿童义务教育融入的运行方式困境与社会工作回应

Challenges in Implementing Compulsory Education for Migrant Children and Social Work Responses

摘要: 流动儿童的义务教育融入困境，其实质就是政策运行方式环节上的困境。文章以北京市协作者社会工作发展中心2025年对776个流动儿童家庭的调研数据和第七次人口普查数据为基础，用社会排斥理论的分析视角，把流动儿童在入学资格获取过程中遇到的排斥现象分解成制度排斥、经济排斥和文化排斥这三个方面。制度排斥表现为身份资格、排序优先规则，把流动儿童排除在制度之外，经济排斥表现为空间分配、时序衔接规则，用住房门槛、刚性时间窗口制造教育机会的断裂，文化排斥表现为评价文化规则，隐性课程与文化资本的差别会把流动儿童当作“外来者”。三重排斥层层递进构成排斥闭环，其原因有地方政府财政权衡、户籍本位的资源分配惯性、流动家庭的结构性弱势这三个方面。社会工作专业价值就在于打破这种困境，在政策咨询、资源链接、社区营造、政策倡导等方面做出具体的回应，使流动儿童能够融入到当地教育体系中。

Abstract: The challenges faced by migrant children in integrating into compulsory education fundamentally stem from systemic flaws in policy implementation mechanisms. Drawing on survey data from 776 migrant child households collected by the Beijing Collaborative Social Work Development Center in 2025 and Seventh National Population Census statistics, this study employs social exclusion theory to categorize the barriers encountered by migrant children during school enrollment into three dimensions: institutional exclusion, economic exclusion, and cultural exclusion. Institutional exclusion manifests through identity-based eligibility criteria and hierarchical prioritization systems that exclude migrant children from formal educational channels; economic exclusion is reflected in spatial allocation policies and rigid temporal constraints that create gaps in educational access due to housing thresholds and fixed enrollment windows; cultural exclusion arises from evaluation frameworks that marginalize migrant children as “outsiders” due to disparities between their cultural background and mainstream educational norms. These three layers of exclusion form a self-reinforcing cycle, rooted in three key factors: fiscal considerations by local governments, entrenched household registration-based resource distribution practices, and structural vulnerabilities faced by migrant families. The core value of social work lies in addressing these challenges through targeted interventions—including policy consultation, resource coordination, community engagement, and advocacy efforts—to facilitate effective integration of migrant children into local education systems.