马克思“人的本质”思想的发展逻辑探析

An Analysis of the Developmental Logic of Marx’s Thought on “Human Essence”

摘要: 人的本质是马克思主义哲学中的一个重要议题。马克思关于人的本质问题的思考，植根于对现实社会关系与生产实践的深刻把握，旨在从历史发展的维度揭示人的本质的实践性。马克思“人的本质”思想以实践为逻辑起点，完成了从“抽象的人”到“具体的人”的辩证分析，确立了对“现实的人”的科学认知，最终指向人的自由而全面的发展。本文采用文本分析与思想史研究相结合的方法，以马克思经典著作为依据，通过系统梳理马克思“人的本质”思想由哲学批判向历史唯物主义再向政治经济学批判不断深化的发展路径，为探析人的解放与自由全面发展道路提供学理支撑。

Abstract: The question of human essence constitutes a significant issue in Marxist philosophy. Marx’s reflections on the essence of human beings were rooted in his profound understanding of real social relations and productive practice, aiming to reveal the practical character of human essence from the perspective of historical development. Grounded in practice as its logical point of departure, Marx’s thought on human essence accomplished a dialectical transformation from the “abstract human being” to the “concrete human being”, thereby establishing a scientific understanding of the “real human being” and ultimately pointing toward the free and all-round development of human beings. This article adopts a combined approach of textual analysis and intellectual-historical research, taking Marx’s classical works as its textual foundation. Through a systematic examination of the developmental trajectory of Marx’s thought on human essence—from philosophical critique, to the formation of historical materialism, and further to the critique of political economy—the article seeks to elucidate the theoretical logic through which Marx’s conception of human essence was continuously deepened, thereby providing theoretical support for exploring the path toward human emancipation and the free and comprehensive development of human beings.