AI时代“人的本质”再思考——从马克思人学视域出发

Rethinking “Human Essence” in the AI Era —From the Perspective of Marxist Humanology

摘要: 生成式人工智能、算法平台、数字算力体系等新技术，全方位重塑了人类的实践形态，对马克思人学中“人的本质”经典论断形成新的理论拷问。马克思分别从自由自觉的劳动、现实社会关系、生命整体性三重维度界定人的存在规定，构成完整人学分析框架。数字智能技术作为人的本质力量对象化产物，在资本逻辑主导的应用场景中，创造性劳动逐渐被边缘，真实社会交往被窄化，人的整体性生命存在也面临被肢解的危险境地，形成了多层次人的本质遮蔽。立足历史唯物主义视角，破除技术中立的幻象、重塑人作为数字主体的主动意识，推进数字生产关系的制度革新，能够推动智能技术回归人的发展本位，实现人的本质从技术异化向人的自我复归，为数字人机共生文明提供人本学理论支撑。

Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence, algorithmic platforms, digital computing power systems and other emerging technologies have comprehensively reshaped the forms of human practice, posing new theoretical inquiries into the classical Marxist proposition of “human essence”. Marx defined the determinations of human existence from three dimensions: free and conscious labor, real social relations, and the integrity of human life, which jointly constitute an integrated analytical framework of Marxist anthropology. As the objectified outcome of human essential forces, digital intelligent technologies, when applied under the dominance of capitalist logic, witness the marginalization of creative labor, the narrowing of authentic social interactions, and the risk of fragmentation confronting the integral being of human life, thereby resulting in multi-layered concealment of human essence. From the perspective of historical materialism, dispelling the illusion of technological neutrality, rebuilding human subjective awareness within digital contexts, and promoting institutional innovation of digital production relations can guide intelligent technologies back to the standard of human development. This facilitates the self-realization of human essence beyond technological alienation and furnishes anthropological theoretical support for a digital civilization featuring human-machine symbiosis.