人脸识别信息刑法规制的困境与出路

The Dilemma and Solutions of Criminal Law Regulation on Face Recognition Information

摘要: 数字时代下，人脸识别技术广泛普及，但其依托的人脸生物识别信息滥用、泄露、非法交易等违法犯罪问题日益突出，传统法律规制体系的短板持续凸显。人脸信息具备唯一性、不可更改性与终身关联性的特殊属性，属于高度敏感个人信息，一旦被非法利用会造成不可逆的法益损害。最高人民法院指导性案例192号明确了人脸信息的刑法属性，填补了司法认定空白，但当前我国人脸信息刑法规制仍存在诸多现实困境。本文以该指导性案例为核心依托，结合司法实践典型案例，引入风险社会理论与域外规制经验，采用“提出问题–分析问题–解决问题”的逻辑框架，系统梳理人脸识别信息刑法规制的现实难题，深入剖析困境产生的法理与实践成因，最终构建适配人脸识别技术特性的刑法规制完善路径，兼顾公民个人信息权益保障、网络秩序维护与数字技术良性发展。

Abstract: In the digital era, face recognition technology has gained extensive popularity. Nevertheless, illegal and criminal acts including abuse, leakage and illicit trading of facial biometric information that underpins such technology have become increasingly prominent, and the deficiencies of the traditional legal regulation system keep coming to the fore. Featured by uniqueness, immutability and lifelong relevance, facial information falls into the category of highly sensitive personal information, and its illegal utilization will inflict irreversible damage to legal interests. Guiding Case No. 192 promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court defines the criminal law nature of facial information and fills the gap in judicial adjudication. However, the criminal law regulation of facial information in China still faces multiple practical dilemmas at this stage. Taking this guiding case as the core foundation, combined with typical judicial practice cases, this paper introduces the risk society theory and extraterritorial regulatory experience, and unfolds its research following the logic of “problem raising, problem analysis, problem solving”. It systematically sorts out practical difficulties and probes into the underlying causes, and finally constructs an optimized path of criminal law regulation tailored to the characteristics of face recognition technology, so as to strike a balance among the protection of citizens’ personal information rights and interests, the maintenance of network order and the sound development of digital technology.