网络店铺四权分置——基于权能分离理论的解释

Separation of Four Rights for Online Stores—An Interpretation Based on the Theory of Separation of Ownership Powers

摘要: 在当下数字经济的大背景之下，网络店铺的法律属性界定已然成为民商法、电子商务法研究里的一个关键议题。“四权分置”理论具有创新性，把网络店铺的权利架构划分成了平台所有权、债权性权利、经营自主权、店铺标识权这四个维度，进而为解决网络店铺在流转与继承等实际问题上建立起了理论范式。然而，该学说在物权法理论基础、经济学解释方面还存在着研究空白之处。本次研究以所有权权能分离理论作为切入点，并且结合平台经济所具有的特征、交易成本理论，针对“四权分置”机制展开跨学科的阐释。研究得出如下发现：平台企业借助服务协议把占有、使用、收益权能转让给经营者，使得经营自主权拥有了准用益物权的法律特征，从资源配置效率这个角度进行分析，这样的权利分离结构不但能够降低专用资产投资的套牢风险，还可以促进商誉资本的流动、价值发现，以此来优化数字资产的配置效能。“四权分置”本质上是所有权权能分离理论在虚拟财产领域的具体应用，其制度逻辑既和数据产权“权利束”理论相呼应，又契合电商平台治理的激励相容原则。本研究为完善网络店铺权利转让制度提供了物权法理、法律经济学这两方面的理论依据。

Abstract: In the time of digital economic development, the legal natures of online stores constitute a front-edge question which sits at the intersecting place between civil law and electronic business. The “Separation of Four Rights” theory decomposes the ownership composition of online stores into four rights: platform ownership, creditor’s rights, management rights, and name rights. This theory provides an analytical framework that is used for handling practical problems including transmission and inheritance. But even so, the root of this theory in property law principles and economic logic has not received a full explanation up to now. This research paper uses the theory of separation of ownership powers as the core analysis tool. It puts together viewpoints from platform economics and transaction cost economics, therefore it gives an inter-discipline explanation of the “Separation of Four Rights”. The research makes it clear that platform ownership cuts apart the rights of possession, use, and gain by means of service contracts. Therefore, operators have been given quasi-useful legal natures for management rights. From the angle of economic efficiency, this separated model can alleviate the “hold-up” danger that is linked to investments in special assets. It also helps the moving and price setting of reputation capital, hence increasing the distribution effect of digital assets. From the foundation, the “Separation of Four Rights” is one specific manifestation that the separation of ownership powers places in the field of virtual property. Its internal logic has high accordance with the idea of “dual ownership” of data rights and the incentive compatibility demands for e-commerce platform governance. This present article gives dual support from property law and the domain of law and economics for the betterment of online stores transfer rules.