老龄化背景下养老照护预先安排的社会支持体系研究

A Study on the Social Support System for Advance Arrangements of Aged Care in the Context of Aging

摘要: 我国已步入深度老龄化社会，空巢老人、失独老人数量持续增长，传统家庭养老功能不断弱化，成为养老服务体系中的显著社会问题。为应对这一社会风险，一种允许老年人在意识清醒时预先安排未来照护事务的社会机制即意定监护应运而生。然而，该制度在实践中面临监护人数量不足、协议难以实际生效、监护过程缺乏监督等多重障碍，导致制度功能未能充分发挥。本文从老龄化社会需求出发，基于社会支持理论提出细化监护协议的操作规范、建立多元协同的监督网络、培育专业化的社会监护力量等制度完善路径，强化社会支持体系建设，推动该制度走向“社会实践”以期让这种预先照护安排真正成为老年人抵御晚年风险的有效社会屏障。

Abstract: China has entered a deeply aging society, with the number of empty-nesters and parents who have lost their only child continuing to grow, and the traditional family-based elderly care function gradually weakening, which has become a prominent social problem in the elderly care service system. In response to this social risk, a social mechanism that allows elderly people to make advance arrangements for their future care affairs while they are still conscious has emerged. However, in practice, this mechanism faces multiple obstacles, including an insufficient number of guardians, difficulties in determining the validity of agreements, and a lack of supervision in the guardianship process, which prevent its functions from being fully realized. Starting from the needs of an aging society and based on the theory of social support, this paper proposes pathways for improving the mechanism, such as refining the operational norms of guardianship agreements, establishing a diversified and collaborative supervision network, and cultivating professional social guardianship forces, so as to strengthen the construction of a social support system and promote the mechanism towards “social practice”, thereby making this advance care arrangement a truly effective social barrier for the elderly against the risks of later life.