乡村振兴背景下山东半岛近岸海域微塑料污染特征、生态风险及治理路径研究

Research on the Characteristics, Ecological Risks and Governance Pathways of Microplastic Pollution in the Coastal Waters of the Shandong Peninsula under the Background of Rural Revitalization

摘要: 沿海乡村的发展与近岸海域生态环境质量密切相关。山东半岛濒临渤海和黄海，沿海地区渔业生产、海水养殖、滨海旅游和港口运输活动较为集中，近岸海域长期承受较强的人类活动压力。本文以乡村振兴为背景，采用文献综述与归纳分析方法，梳理2015年以来山东半岛及其邻近海域微塑料污染相关研究，分析其来源、形态、粒径、颜色、丰度和成分特征，并讨论其对海洋生态系统、水产品质量安全、渔民生计和渔村人居环境的潜在影响。研究认为，山东半岛近岸海域微塑料污染具有来源多样、近岸集聚、纤维类占比较高、小粒径风险较突出等特点。已有研究显示，部分岸滩污染总体处于轻度水平，但潮滩沉积物、水产品和实验生物暴露结果提示，微塑料污染具有长期性、隐蔽性和复合风险。未来应从陆源污染控制、废旧渔网渔具回收、养殖区塑料制品管理、岸滩环境整治、公众参与、区域协同和长期监测等方面完善治理路径。

Abstract: The development of coastal villages is closely related to the ecological quality of coastal waters. The Shandong Peninsula borders the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, where fishery production, mariculture, coastal tourism and port transportation are relatively concentrated. In recent years, microplastic pollution has gradually become an important issue affecting marine ecological security, aquatic product quality and ecological governance in coastal villages. Based on the background of rural revitalization, this paper analyzes the sources, morphology, particle size, color, abundance and composition of microplastics in the coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula, and discusses their potential impacts on marine ecosystems, aquatic product safety, fishermen’s livelihoods and the living environment of fishing villages. The study suggests that microplastic pollution in this region is characterized by multiple sources, nearshore accumulation, a high proportion of fibers and relatively prominent risks of small particles. Although some studies indicate that the pollution level of typical beaches is generally light, evidence from tidal flat sediments, seafood samples and biological exposure experiments suggests that microplastic pollution has long-term, hidden and compound risks. Therefore, governance should be improved through land-based pollution control, recycling of abandoned fishing gear, management of plastic products in aquaculture areas, beach environmental remediation, public participation, regional coordination and long-term monitoring.