生态惠民视域下流域生态补偿实施成效与完善路径研究——以甘肃渭河源头渭源县农村流域实证分析

Research on the Implementation Outcomes and Improvement Paths of River Basin Ecological Compensation from an Ecological Benefit Perspective—A Case Study of Rural Watersheds in Weiyuan County, Source Region of the Weihe River, Gansu Province

摘要: 生态惠民是生态文明与乡村振兴协同发展核心导向，流域生态补偿是调和上下游生态成本与收益失衡的关键制度工具。本文以生态系统服务价值理论为唯一贯穿理论，构建“主体–规则–激励–监督”四维分析框架，选取甘肃渭河源头渭源县农村流域开展县域微观实证。依托省、县官方政策、财政数据、水质监测与权威媒体资料，梳理纵向普惠、跨市双向、县域支流多层复合补偿模式，量化评估生态修复、农户增收、流域协同三大成效；依托四维框架识别制度四大内生短板，从生态服务供需错配解析深层成因，配套可量化、分时限、分主体的实操政策工具。本文弥补现有研究宏观定性、县域实证缺失、理论碎片化、对策空泛等不足，为黄河上游黄土高原水源涵养区生态补偿优化提供本土化实证支撑。

Abstract: Ecological benefits for the people constitute the core principle guiding the coordinated development of ecological civilization and rural revitalization, while watershed ecological compensation serves as a key institutional mechanism for addressing the imbalance between ecological costs and benefits across upstream and downstream regions. This study employs ecosystem service value theory as its overarching framework, establishing a four-dimensional analytical structure encompassing “actors, rules, incentives, and supervision,” and conducts micro-level empirical research in rural watersheds of Weiyuan County, the source region of the Wei River in Gansu Province. Leveraging provincial and county-level policies, fiscal data, water quality monitoring records, and authoritative media sources, the study identifies a multi-layered compensation model featuring vertical inclusivity, cross-regional bidirectionality, and county-specific implementation, quantitatively evaluating three key outcomes: ecological restoration, increased household incomes, and regional collaboration within the watershed. Utilizing this four-dimensional framework, it identifies four fundamental systemic shortcomings, analyzes underlying causes of supply-demand mismatches in ecological services, and proposes actionable policy tools that are quantifiable, time-bound, and actor-specific. This work addresses limitations in existing research, including macro-level qualitative approaches, insufficient county-level empirical evidence, theoretical fragmentation, and overly general recommendations, providing localized empirical support for optimizing ecological compensation mechanisms in the Yellow River’s upper reaches and the Loess Plateau water conservation area.