中国古代历史中的黑龙形象构建

The Construction of the Black Dragon Image in Ancient Chinese History

摘要: 中国的龙信俗由来已久，在秦汉早期的儒家传统当中，被与祈雨所联系起来的多是苍龙，在后来的经典中有了五方五色所配套的五种神龙。宋代以后，经由王朝神话继承的龙形象经过民间发展再进入官方视野，就成为了帝王统治的合法性依据与中国人的公共知识，由此而作为掌管着风雨的龙王被崇拜。到了清代，帝王们在祈雨屡屡“眷顾”黑龙王，此为值得瞩目的现象。本文尝试对此演变的原因做一个历史方面的考据和探究。

Abstract: The worship of the dragon in China has a long history. In the early Confucian tradition of the Qin and Han dynasties, it was mainly the Azure Dragon that was associated with rain-making rituals. Later, the classics introduced five divine dragons corresponding to the five directions and five colors, a tradition that was inherited and promoted by Daoism. After the Song dynasty, the dragon image, as inherited, evolved through folk development and then entered the official sphere, becoming the basis for the legitimacy of imperial rule and a part of the common knowledge of the Chinese people. Consequently, the dragon king, as the controller of wind and rain, came to be worshipped. By the Qing dynasty, emperors frequently “favored” the Black Dragon God in their rain-making prayers. This paper attempts to examine the reasons behind this transformation from the perspective of history.