《民法典》居住权的规范构造与适用问题研究

Research on the Regulatory Framework and Application of the Right of Residence under the Civil Code

摘要: 《民法典》正式确立居住权，是我国物权立法回应“住有所居”民生目标的重要创新。该规范以意定设立、登记生效、人身依附为核心规范特征，填补了我国传统人役权规则的立法空白，为养老居住、离婚帮扶、保障性住房等多元场景提供了物权化的权利工具。然而，《民法典》仅以6个条文构建居住权的基础框架，规范供给的简约性与社会需求的复杂性形成张力，导致司法实践中在主体客体界定、设立效力认定、权利义务划分、权利冲突协调等方面出现裁判分歧。文章在系统梳理居住权规范构造与价值的基础上，结合司法裁判样本与登记实务现状，深入剖析制度适用中的五大核心困境，并从解释论与规则细化双重视角提出完善路径。研究认为，当前应通过司法解释与裁判规则的细化，在坚守居住权人役权属性的前提下增强规范弹性，推动居住权从立法宣示走向规范适用，充分释放其民生保障与财产利用的双重制度价值。

Abstract: The Civil Code formally establishes the right of residence, representing a significant innovation in China’s property rights legislation that addresses the fundamental social goal of “guaranteeing housing for all”. Characterized by statutory establishment, registration-based effectiveness, and personal dependency, this provision fills a legislative gap in traditional Chinese servitude rights regulations and provides a property-based legal framework for diverse scenarios such as elderly care housing, divorce assistance, and affordable housing. However, the Civil Code only outlines the basic structure of the right of residence through six articles, creating a tension between the simplicity of its provisions and the complexity of societal needs, which has led to judicial discrepancies in defining subjects and objects, assessing validity, delineating rights and obligations, and resolving conflicts. This study systematically examines the regulatory framework and values of the right of residence, analyzes five core challenges in its implementation based on judicial precedents and registration practices, and proposes improvement strategies from both interpretive and rule-specific perspectives. The research concludes that enhancing regulatory flexibility through detailed judicial interpretations and adjudication rules—while maintaining the right’s servitude attributes—is essential to transition it from a legislative declaration to practical application, thereby fully realizing its dual institutional value in safeguarding livelihoods and optimizing property utilization.