马克思主义“两种生产”理论视角下的中国老龄化治理困境、逻辑和路径

Dilemmas, Logic and Paths of China’s Aging Governance from the Perspective of Marxist Theory of “Two Kinds of Production”

摘要: 本文用马克思主义的“两种生产”理论来分析中国人口老龄化问题的本质和治理路径。研究认为，目前的困境是由物质资料再生产和人口自身再生产之间的结构失衡造成的。与资本逻辑下的个体化方案相比，中国应对老龄化应该是一项以调整社会再生产关系、促进人的全面发展为目的的系统工程。核心就是把“人口高质量发展”统筹起来，“两种生产”相结合，把压力变成支撑中国式现代化的“长寿红利”。实践路径有创建全生命周期服务体系、发展以人民为中心的银发经济、创新制度激活老年人力资源、培育积极老龄文明等，以此来探寻体现社会主义制度优越性的治理之路。

Abstract: This paper applies the Marxist theory of “two kinds of production” to analyze the essence of China’s population aging and its governance approaches. The research holds that the current dilemmas stem from structural imbalances between the reproduction of material resources and the reproduction of population itself. In contrast to individualistic solutions under the logic of capital, China’s response to population aging should be a systematic project aimed at adjusting social reproduction relations and promoting the all-round development of human beings. The core lies in coordinating “high-quality population development” and integrating the “two kinds of production”, so as to transform aging pressures into the “longevity dividend” supporting Chinese modernization. Practical paths include establishing a full-life-cycle service system, developing a people-centered silver economy, innovating institutions to activate elderly human resources, and fostering a positive aging culture, thereby exploring a governance approach that reflects the superiority of the socialist system.