农村互助养老的“贵州经验”：实践模式、现实困境与优化路径

The “Guizhou Experience” of Rural Mutual Elderly Care: Practical Models, Realistic Dilemmas and Optimization Paths

摘要: 贵州农村老龄化程度深、家庭养老功能持续弱化。互助养老虽具成本低、社会嵌入性强等优势，但仍普遍面临建设易而运营难、服务供给不足、政策传导不畅等结构性困境。本文引入布迪厄的场域理论，从制度、资金、参与、服务四个维度分析贵州农村互助养老的实践困境。研究发现：政策倡导与基层实践之间存在显著张力，具体表现为运营资金短缺且覆盖不均、老年人参与深度不足、专业护理服务薄弱、考核指标重建设轻运营。据此提出优化路径：构建多元共治的资金保障体系、激活内生参与动力、培育本土专业服务力量、完善政策协同与质量考核机制，以期为欠发达地区农村互助养老提供参考。

Abstract: Rural areas in Guizhou face profound aging challenges with continuously weakened family-based elderly care functions. Although mutual elderly care programs offer advantages such as low costs and strong social integration, they generally encounter structural difficulties including easy establishment but challenging operations, insufficient service provision, and ineffective policy implementation. This study applies Bourdieu’s field theory to analyze the practical obstacles of rural mutual elderly care in Guizhou across four dimensions: institutional frameworks, funding, participation, and service delivery. The research reveals significant tensions between policy advocacy and grassroots implementation, manifested in insufficient operational funds with uneven coverage, inadequate elderly participation, weak professional care services, and evaluation metrics that prioritize infrastructure over operational efficiency. Recommendations include establishing a multi-stakeholder funding mechanism, stimulating intrinsic participation incentives, developing local professional service capacities, and improving policy coordination and quality assessment systems—providing actionable insights for rural mutual elderly care in underdeveloped regions.