时间银行互助养老模式的运行效能与完善建议

Operational Effectiveness and Recommendations for Improving the Time Bank Mutual Elderly Care Model

摘要: 在我国人口深度老龄化、传统养老模式面临结构性缺口的背景下，时间银行作为一种以时间交换为载体的互助养老模式，已在多地展开规模化探索。本文基于对南京、上海等地时间银行实践的考察，从服务供给、兑换机制、质量保障与信用支撑四个维度评估其运行效能，发现该模式在扩大养老服务供给、激活社区人力资源方面发挥了积极作用，但仍面临志愿者来源结构失衡导致的内生动力不足、通存通兑壁垒造成的流动性受阻、服务质量缺乏标准化监管、以及信用担保机制薄弱制约长期信任等困境。在借鉴日本、美国等国外经验的基础上，本文提出拓宽参与主体与优化激励机制、搭建区域性通存通兑平台、建立服务质量分级标准与安全保障体系、强化政府主导的信用担保与多方协同治理等完善建议，以推动时间银行从“有规模”走向“有效能”。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of China’s rapidly aging population and structural gaps in traditional elderly care models, the time bank—a mutual elderly care model based on the exchange of time—has been explored on a large scale in many regions. Based on an examination of time bank practices in Nanjing, Shanghai, and other cities, this paper evaluates their operational effectiveness across four dimensions: service provision, exchange mechanisms, quality assurance, and credit support. The findings reveal that while this model has played a positive role in expanding the supply of elderly care services and mobilizing community human resources, it still faces challenges such as insufficient internal momentum due to an imbalanced volunteer pool, restricted liquidity caused by barriers to universal deposit and redemption, a lack of standardized oversight for service quality, and constraints on long-term trust resulting from weak credit guarantee mechanisms. Drawing on international experiences from Japan, the United States, and other countries, this paper proposes the following recommendations for improvement: broadening the range of participants and optimizing incentive mechanisms; establishing regional platforms for universal deposit and redemption; developing service quality grading standards and safety assurance systems; and strengthening government-led credit guarantees and multi-stakeholder collaborative governance. These measures aim to propel time banks from being merely “scalable” to becoming truly “effective”.