基于智慧物联网的设施农业精准水肥调控技术研究——辽宁日光温室番茄提质增效应用分析

Research on Precision Water and Fertilizer Regulation Technology of Facility Agriculture Based on Intelligent Internet of Things—Application Analysis of Tomato Quality and Efficiency Improvement in Solar Greenhouses of Liaoning Province

摘要: 传统设施农业水肥管理依靠人工经验施肥灌水，存在水肥利用率低、土壤盐渍化、蔬菜品质参差不齐等突出问题。我国设施蔬菜长期采用大水大肥粗放式栽培模式，过量氮磷钾随灌溉下渗引发地下水硝酸盐超标、土壤次生盐渍化、连作障碍加剧等一系列生态与生产矛盾，制约设施农业可持续发展。本文以辽宁地区日光温室越冬茬硬粉番茄为试验对象，构建一套融合土壤多参数墒情传感器、氮磷钾养分离子检测模块、4G物联网云平台的闭环式精准水肥调控系统。通过划分番茄苗期、开花坐果期、膨果期、采收期四大生育期水肥需求阈值，建立分段式水肥智能配比数学模型，结合土壤实时养分数据动态修正灌溉量与肥料浓度，实现水肥按需自动匹配供给。为期5个月田间对比试验结果表明：相较于农户传统人工管理模式，智慧物联网调控模式下灌溉用水节约28.7%，氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量分别降低22.3%、19.6%、21.1%；番茄单位面积产量提升12.5%，果实可溶性固形物含量提高1.8个百分点，土壤表层电导率增幅下降47.4%，有效抑制设施土壤盐分累积。该精准水肥调控系统硬件成本低廉、操作流程简单，可同步实现节水、减肥、增产、改良土壤多重效益，能够有效缓解设施农田水土污染问题，推动辽宁设施蔬菜产业绿色、高效、标准化发展，具备规模化推广应用价值。

Abstract: The traditional water and fertilizer management of facility agriculture relies on artificial experience for fertilization and irrigation, which has prominent problems such as low water and fertilizer utilization rate, soil salinization and uneven vegetable quality. For a long time, facility vegetables in China have adopted an extensive cultivation mode with excessive water and fertilizer. Excessive nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leach with irrigation, causing a series of ecological and production contradictions such as excessive nitrate in groundwater, secondary soil salinization and aggravated continuous cropping obstacles, restricting the sustainable development of facility agriculture. Taking winter stubble hard powder tomato in solar greenhouses of Liaoning as the test object, this paper constructs a closed-loop precision water and fertilizer regulation system integrating multi-parameter soil moisture sensors, NPK nutrient ion detection modules and 4G Internet of Things cloud platform. By dividing the water and fertilizer demand thresholds of four growth stages of tomato: seedling stage, flowering and fruit setting stage, fruit expansion stage and harvesting stage, a segmented intelligent water and fertilizer proportioning mathematical model is established. The irrigation volume and fertilizer concentration are dynamically corrected combined with real-time soil nutrient data to realize automatic matching supply of water and fertilizer on demand. The 5-month field comparative test results show that compared with the traditional artificial management mode of farmers, the irrigation water under the intelligent IoT regulation mode is saved by 28.7%, and the application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are reduced by 22.3%, 19.6% and 21.1% respectively. The yield of tomato per unit area increased by 12.5%, the soluble solid content of fruits increased by 1.8 percentage points, and the increase of surface soil conductivity decreased by 47.4%, which effectively inhibited soil salt accumulation in facilities. The precision water and fertilizer regulation system has low hardware cost and simple operation process, and can simultaneously realize multiple benefits of water saving, fertilizer reduction, yield increase and soil improvement. It can effectively alleviate water and soil pollution in facility farmland, promote the green, efficient and standardized development of facility vegetable industry in Liaoning, and has large-scale popularization and application value.