平台用工中“算法从属性”的法律认定

Legal Recognition of “Algorithm Subordinate Attributes” in Platform Employment

摘要: 平台用工中算法的深度介入，正在重塑劳动从属性的内涵与表现形式。传统的人格从属性、经济从属性、组织从属性“三分法”标准，在平台用工“去身份化”和“去中心化”运作方式下出现解释乏力的困境。究其根本，在于从属性理论所依托的工业经济底色，与平台用工的数字技术逻辑之间存在结构性错位。鉴于此，文章提出“算法从属性”概念，将其定位为数字时代从属性理论的新维度。平台通过算法在任务分配、价格制定、过程监控、评价奖惩等环节实现对劳动者的持续性、系统性、隐蔽性控制，使劳动者在形式上保持自主接单的外观，实质上却丧失了对劳动过程的自主支配能力。借助马克思形式从属向实质从属演进的理论框架，文章揭示：算法从属性的本质，是资本经由数字技术，实现对劳动过程深度渗透与精细控制的数字化实质从属。在此基础上，结合最新司法解释和典型案例，构建算法从属性的体系化认定标准，明确其在现有从属性认定体系中的地位、具体判断要素及适用限度，以期为平台用工劳动关系的司法认定提供学理支撑。

Abstract: The in-depth intervention of algorithms in platform employment is reshaping the connotation and expression of labor subordinate attributes. The traditional “three-point method” standards of personality subordinate attributes, economic subordinate attributes, and organizational subordinate attributes have a dilemma of poor interpretation under the “de-identification” and “decentralization” operation mode of platform employment. Because there is a structural misalignment between the industrial economic background of the attribute theory and the digital technology logic of platform employment. In light of this, the concept of “algorithm subordinate attribute” proposed in this paper is positioned as a new dimension of subordinate attribute theory in the digital age. The platform realizes the continuous, systematic, and hidden control of workers in task allocation, price formulation, process monitoring, evaluation of rewards and punishments, and other links through algorithms, so that workers can formally maintain the appearance of taking orders independently and essentially lose the ability to control the labor process. With the help of the theoretical framework of Marx’s evolution from formal subordination to substantive subordination, this article reveals the essence of the attribute of the algorithm, which is the digital subordination of capital through digital technology to realize deep penetration and fine control of the labor process. On this basis, in combination with the latest judicial interpretation and typical cases, we will build a systematic identification standard for the algorithm’s subordinate attributes, clarify its status, specific judgement elements, and applicable limits in the existing subordinate attribute identification system, with a view to providing doctrinal support for the judicial identification of platform employment and labor relations.