《民法典》视阈下校园霸凌受害者民事救济路径研究

Research on the Civil Relief Path for Victims of Campus Bullying from the Perspective of the Civil Code

摘要: 校园霸凌已成为侵害未成年人身心健康的社会顽疾。尽管《民法典》构建了以侵权责任为中心的民事救济框架，但监护人责任与教育机构责任的二元配置存在体系性失调，导致受害者救济受阻。文章以《民法典》第一千一百八十八条、第一千一百九十九条至第一千二百零一条为核心，结合2024年《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉侵权责任编的解释（一）》的最新规定，分析校园霸凌民事救济的制度困境。研究发现，监护人责任的归责性质争议、教育机构过错的认定模糊，以及二者之间的责任协调不畅，共同构成了救济障碍。因此，应重新解释教育机构的教育管理职责，将霸凌防控纳入其注意义务范围；以监护人责任为原则性主体，教育机构承担过错补充责任；并完善精神损害赔偿的适用标准，构建分层分类的救济体系。

Abstract: Campus bullying has become a social scourge that infringes upon the physical and mental health of minors. Although the Civil Code has established a civil relief framework centered on tort liability, there exists a systemic imbalance in the dual configuration of guardian liability and educational institution liability, which hinders the relief for victims. This paper focuses on Articles 1188 and 1199~1201 of the Civil Code, combined with the latest provisions of the Interpretation (I) of the Tort Liability Part in 2024, to analyze the institutional dilemmas of civil relief for campus bullying. The research finds that the controversy over the nature of guardian liability, the ambiguity in determining the fault of educational institutions, and the lack of coordination between the two types of liability collectively constitute obstacles to relief. In response, the educational management duties of educational institutions should be reinterpreted to include bullying prevention and control within the scope of their duty of care; guardian liability should serve as the primary principle, with educational institutions bearing supplementary liability based on fault; and the applicable standards for moral damages should be improved to construct a layered and categorized relief system.