灵活就业群体社会保障参与的结构变迁与分化机制研究——基于CGSS 2013~2023年重复截面数据的实证分析

Structural Change and Differentiation Mechanism of Social Security Participation among Flexible Workers—An Empirical Analysis Based on CGSS 2013~2023 Repeated Cross-Sectional Data

摘要: 灵活就业群体社会保障参与关系到劳动者风险防护、就业质量提升和社会保障体系完善。文章基于CGSS 2013~2023年重复截面数据，借鉴安德森行为模型，并结合多层次社会保障与社会保障层次分化视角，将基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、商业医疗保险和商业养老保险纳入同一分析框架，考察灵活就业群体社会保障参与的结构变迁及分化机制。研究发现：补充保障参与水平较早期明显提高，但总体比例仍低于基础保障完整性；基础保障完整性与补充保障参与存在关联，但在纳入收入、教育和自评阶层等资源能力变量后，其影响不再稳定；收入水平、受教育程度和自评社会阶层显著提高补充保障参与可能性，说明保障差异正由基础覆盖差异进一步转向保障层次差异。研究认为，应在继续巩固基础保障覆盖的同时，提高灵活就业群体保障质量，降低补充保障参与门槛，完善面向低收入、低教育和农村户籍群体的分类支持机制。

Abstract: Flexible workers’ participation in social security is closely related to risk protection, employment quality and the improvement of the social security system. Based on repeated cross-sectional data from CGSS 2013~2023, this study applies Andersen’s behavioral model and combines the perspectives of multi-level social security and welfare stratification. It examines the structural change and differentiation mechanism of social security participation among flexible workers by incorporating basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, commercial medical insurance and commercial pension insurance into one analytical framework. The results show that supplementary insurance participation has increased, but it remains much lower than the completeness of basic security. The effect of basic security completeness becomes unstable after income, education and subjective social class are included. Income, education and subjective class significantly increase the likelihood of supplementary participation. The study suggests improving both the coverage and quality of basic security, lowering barriers to supplementary protection and providing targeted support for disadvantaged flexible workers.