土地流转与宅基地盘活对农户生计转型的路径探析

Path Analysis of Land Transfer and Revitalization of Homesteads on Farmers’ Livelihood Transformation

摘要: 文章通过对云南省M市与Q市的田野调查，比较了两种不同的农户生计转型路径。研究发现，M市因其独特的气候条件和民族文化资源，土地和宅基地具有高附加值，因此形成了以土地资本为主导、农民“不离土不离乡”的“内生性转型”模式。农民通过选择性出租土地、发展高附加值农业和利用宅基地经营民宿餐饮等方式，在本地实现生计多元化。相比之下，Q市传统农业效益低下，土地生产性功能弱，促使农民选择大规模流转土地以获取稳定租金，并将核心劳动力释放出来，进入城市从事非农工作，形成了以劳动力资本为主导、农民“离土又离乡”的“外生性转型”模式。文章运用理性选择理论分析指出，这两种迥异的转型路径是农户在不同场域条件下，基于成本收益权衡做出的理性决策结果。

Abstract: This article compares two different livelihood transformation paths of farmers in M City and Q City in Yunnan Province through field research. The study found that due to its unique climate conditions and cultural resources, the land and homestead in M City have high added value, thus forming a “endogenous transformation” model with land capital as the mainstay and farmers “not leaving the land or the village”. Farmers have diversified their livelihoods by selectively leasing land, developing high-value-added agriculture, and using residential land to run homestays and restaurants. In contrast, the traditional agriculture in Q City has low efficiency and weak land productive function. This has led farmers to choose large-scale land transfer to obtain stable rent, and release core labor force to enter the city to engage in non-agricultural work, thus forming a model of “exogenous transformation” dominated by labor capital and farmers “leaving the land and leaving the village”. This article uses rational choice theory to analyze that these two different transformation paths are the rational decision results made by farmers based on cost-benefit balance under different field conditions.