人口老龄化与社会治理：结构转型、现实矛盾与路径选择

Population Aging and Social Governance: Structural Transformation, Practical Contradictions, and Path Choices

摘要: 人口老龄化是我国现代化进程中持续深化的结构性社会议题，不仅表现为老年人口规模扩大和抚养压力上升，也深刻影响家庭结构、代际关系、公共服务供给和社会治理方式。本文以社会支持理论和脆弱性理论为分析框架，结合官方统计资料和相关研究成果，系统分析我国人口老龄化的基本态势、主要矛盾及优化路径。研究发现，当前我国养老保障体系不断完善，老年群体基本生活保障水平明显提升，但家庭照护功能弱化、社会照护承接不足、精神关怀相对滞后、数字融入受阻以及城乡区域差异突出等问题仍较为明显。尤其是在少子化、家庭小型化和人口流动常态化背景下，传统家庭养老功能持续弱化，而社区养老、长期护理、医养结合等社会化服务尚未充分成熟，导致部分老年人在生活照料、健康管理、情感支持和社会参与等方面面临多重困境。基于此，本文提出应进一步健全养老保障制度体系，减轻家庭照护负担，构建社区嵌入式医养结合服务模式，拓展老年社会参与渠道，加强数字适老化改造，并推动分类施策与协同治理。

Abstract: Population aging is a deepening structural social issue in China’s modernization process, manifesting not only in the expansion of the elderly population and rising caregiving demands but also profoundly affecting family structures, intergenerational relationships, public service provision, and social governance approaches. This study employs the social support theory and vulnerability theory as analytical frameworks, integrating official statistical data and relevant research findings to systematically analyze the fundamental trends, key contradictions, and optimization pathways of population aging in China. The research reveals that while China’s elderly care support system has been continuously improved, with significantly enhanced basic living standards for the elderly, persistent challenges remain—such as weakened family caregiving functions, insufficient social care capacity, relatively lagging emotional support, digital inclusion barriers, and pronounced urban-rural disparities. Against the backdrop of declining birth rates, shrinking family units, and normalized population mobility, traditional family-based elderly care continues to erode, while community-based care, long-term nursing, and integrated medical-care services remain underdeveloped, leaving many seniors facing multifaceted difficulties in daily care, health management, emotional support, and social participation. Based on these findings, the study proposes further strengthening the elderly care support system, alleviating family caregiving burdens, establishing community-based integrated medical-care service models, expanding elderly social participation channels, enhancing digital accessibility for aging populations, and promoting differentiated policies alongside collaborative governance.