我国农村养老保障的发展挑战与完善路径

Development Challenges and Improvement Paths of Rural Old-Age Security in China

摘要: 农村养老保障是健全我国社会保障体系、推进乡村全面振兴的重要方面。在我们国家的高度重视下，我国农村养老保障制度建设取得了显著成就，城乡居民基本养老保险已实现制度全覆盖。同时也要看到，与人民群众日益增长的养老需求相比，当前农村养老保障在保障水平、服务供给、制度衔接等方面仍存在一些需要进一步完善的问题。本文将基于福利多元主义理论，构建了国家、市场、社区与家庭四维供给主体的分析框架，通过对第七次全国人口普查数据、人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计公报及中国健康等权威数据的分析，揭示当前我国农村养老保障面临的保障水平偏低、服务供给不足、制度衔接不畅及城乡差距显著等挑战，进而从城乡发展时序落差、财政投入偏向、家庭结构变迁与基层治理等四个维度分析成因，最后围绕国家兜底、市场参与、社区互助及家庭支持四个方面提出协同完善路径。

Abstract: Rural old-age security is an important component of improving China’s social security system and promoting comprehensive rural revitalization. Attaching great importance to this issue, the Chinese government has made remarkable achievements in developing the rural old-age security system, and the basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents has achieved full institutional coverage. However, compared with people’s growing demand for elderly care, rural old-age security still has room for further improvement in terms of security level, service supply and institutional connection. Based on the theory of welfare pluralism, this paper constructs an analytical framework with four supply subjects: the state, the market, communities and families. By using authoritative data including the Seventh National Population Census, the Statistical Communique on the Development of Human Resources and Social Security, and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this paper reveals the major challenges faced by China’s rural old-age security, namely low security benefits, insufficient service supply, poor institutional coordination and prominent urban-rural gaps. It further analyzes the underlying causes from four dimensions: the chronological development gap between urban and rural areas, biased fiscal investment, changes in family structure, and grassroots governance constraints. Finally, it puts forward coordinated improvement paths from the four aspects of state bottom-line guarantee, market participation, community mutual assistance and family support.