“双碳”目标下农业绿色低碳发展的研究进展与展望

Research Progress and Prospect of Green and Low-Carbon Agricultural Development under the “Dual Carbon” Goals

摘要: 在全球气候变化与资源环境约束日益加剧的背景下，中国提出的“双碳”目标为农业绿色低碳发展指明了方向。当前，农业已成为温室气体排放的重要来源之一，其碳排放测算与减排技术研究备受关注。学界围绕农业碳排放的核算方法、时空格局及驱动因素进行了系统探索，逐步形成了以生命周期评价、投入产出分析等为主体的测算体系；同时，在减排技术层面，秸秆还田、测土配方施肥、低碳养殖等具体措施被证实具有显著减排潜力。另一方面，农业碳汇功能的挖掘与补偿机制构建成为研究热点，通过农田土壤固碳、草地恢复及林业碳汇等项目，农业系统由碳排放源向碳汇载体的转化路径逐步清晰。政策层面，碳排放权交易、碳普惠机制及财政补贴等手段的运用，为激励农业低碳转型提供了制度保障。然而，现有研究仍存在测算标准不统一、减排技术推广受限、碳汇价值评估体系不完善、政策协同性不足等短板。未来应聚焦于构建统一规范的农业碳排放核算框架，强化减排技术集成与区域适应性研究，完善农业碳汇交易市场与生态补偿机制，并推动多部门政策协同与跨学科交叉融合，以期为中国农业绿色低碳转型提供坚实的理论支撑与实践路径。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change and growing resource and environmental constraints, China’s proposed “Dual Carbon” Goals have charted a clear direction for the green and low-carbon development of agriculture. At present, agriculture constitutes one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and research on agricultural carbon emission measurement and emission reduction technologies has attracted extensive academic attention. Scholars have carried out systematic research on accounting methods, spatial-temporal patterns and driving factors of agricultural carbon emissions, gradually establishing a measurement system centered on life cycle assessment, input-output analysis and other methodologies. Meanwhile, in terms of emission reduction technologies, targeted practices such as straw returning to fields, soil testing and formulated fertilization, and low-carbon breeding have been proven to deliver remarkable carbon abatement potential. In addition, tapping the carbon sequestration functions of agriculture and establishing compensation mechanisms have become popular research topics. Through practices including soil carbon sequestration in farmland, grassland restoration and forest carbon sinks, the pathways for transforming agricultural systems from carbon emission sources into carbon sinks have become increasingly distinct. From a policy perspective, instruments such as carbon emission trading, carbon inclusive mechanisms and fiscal subsidies have provided institutional safeguards to incentivize the low-carbon transformation of agriculture. Nevertheless, existing studies still have prominent shortcomings, including inconsistent measurement standards, limited popularization of emission reduction technologies, imperfect evaluation systems for carbon sink values, and insufficient policy coordination. Future research should focus on constructing a unified and standardized accounting framework for agricultural carbon emissions, strengthening integrated research on emission reduction technologies and their regional adaptability, improving agricultural carbon sink trading markets and ecological compensation mechanisms, and promoting cross-departmental policy coordination and interdisciplinary integration. This will lay solid theoretical support and practical approaches for the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture in China.