乡村振兴背景下农村集体经济发展的内在逻辑与发展研究

Research on the Internal Logic and Development of Rural Collective Economy under the Background of Rural Revitalization

摘要: 在乡村振兴战略全面推进的宏观背景下，农村集体经济作为联结国家资源下沉与农民主体性发挥的关键纽带，其发展逻辑与路径选择成为理论界与实务界共同关注的焦点。本文立足于“巩固和完善农村基本经营制度”的政策导向，系统梳理了农村集体经济组织在产权结构、治理机制与分配模式上的理论演进脉络，并基于马克思主义合作经济理论与新制度经济学的分析框架，深入阐释了农村集体经济在激活要素市场、促进小农户与现代农业有机衔接等方面的内在功能。研究表明，当前农村集体经济发展仍面临集体资产权能虚化、经营人才匮乏、激励机制缺失以及外部政策协同不足等现实困境，这些障碍显著制约了集体经济的规模效应与内生增长动力。据此，本文从制度创新、组织再造与政策协同三个维度提出了优化路径：在坚持集体所有制前提下探索股份合作制改革，完善“政经分离”的治理体系；依托数字技术赋能集体资产管理与运营，提升资源配置效率；同时强化财税、金融与土地政策的系统配套，营造有利于集体经济可持续发展的制度环境。研究认为，唯有将理论自觉与地方实践创新相结合，方能在实现集体资产保值增值的同时，切实发挥农村集体经济在推动乡村全面振兴中的基础性作用。

Abstract: Against the macro backdrop of the comprehensive advancement of the rural revitalization strategy, the rural collective economy acts as a critical link connecting downward allocation of state resources and the exertion of farmers’ subjectivity. Its developmental logic and path selection have become a focal point of shared concern among theoretical and practical circles. Based on the policy of “consolidating and improving the basic rural operation system”, this paper systematically sorts out the theoretical evolution of rural collective economic organizations in terms of property right structure, governance mechanism and distribution model. Drawing on the analytical frameworks of Marxist cooperative economic theory and new institutional economics, it thoroughly elaborates the inherent functions of the rural collective economy in activating the factor market and facilitating the organic integration of small-scale farmers with modern agriculture. The study reveals that the development of the current rural collective economy is still confronted with practical dilemmas including the virtualization of rights and functions over collective assets, a shortage of management talents, inadequate incentive mechanisms, and insufficient coordination of external policies. These obstacles significantly restrain the scale effect and endogenous growth momentum of the collective economy. Accordingly, this paper proposes optimization approaches from three dimensions: institutional innovation, organizational restructuring and policy coordination. To be specific, it advocates exploring the reform of the shareholding cooperative system under the premise of adhering to collective ownership and improving a governance system featuring the separation of administrative and economic functions; empowering the management and operation of collective assets via digital technology to boost the efficiency of resource allocation; and strengthening systematic supporting fiscal, taxation, financial and land policies to foster an institutional environment conducive to the sustainable development of the collective economy. This research concludes that only by integrating theoretical awareness with local practical innovation can we preserve and increase the value of collective assets while effectively giving full play to the fundamental role of the rural collective economy in advancing comprehensive rural revitalization.