阅读障碍者版权例外的正义逻辑——以《马拉喀什条约》为例的法理学考察

The Logic of Justice in the Copyright Exception for Persons with Print Disabilities—A Jurisprudential Inquiry Centered on the Marrakesh Treaty

摘要: 《马拉喀什条约》通过设立阅读障碍者版权例外，保障阅读障碍者获取作品和参与文化生活的机会，体现了著作权排他权与实质平等之间的法理张力。诺齐克的持有正义揭示了该制度面临的权利本位质疑；罗尔斯的公平正义理论则从制度公平层面说明了限制版权以改善最不利者处境的正当性，但其“基本善”框架仍难以充分解释阅读障碍者从作品资源到阅读能力之间的转换困境。阿马蒂亚·森的能力方法进一步指出，版权例外并非单纯的利益再分配，而是消除转换障碍、实现实质自由的制度机制。我国在落实《马拉喀什条约》时，应以能力实现为导向，在司法适用中确立合理注意义务标准，并完善相关制度配套。

Abstract: The Marrakesh Treaty establishes the copyright exception for persons with print disabilities to safeguard opportunities for persons with print disabilities to access works and participate in cultural life, reflecting the jurisprudential tension between copyright exclusivity and substantive equality. Nozick’s entitlement theory reveals the rights-based challenge faced by this regime, while Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness explains, from the perspective of institutional fairness, the legitimacy of limiting copyright in order to improve the position of the least advantaged. However, Rawls’s framework of “primary goods” remains insufficient to fully explain the conversion difficulty faced by persons with print disabilities in transforming access to works into actual reading capability. Amartya Sen’s capability approach further shows that copyright exceptions are not merely a form of interest redistribution, but an institutional mechanism for removing conversion barriers and realizing substantive freedom. In implementing the Marrakesh Treaty, China should adopt capability realization as its guiding orientation, establish a standard of reasonable duty of care in judicial application, and improve supporting institutional mechanisms.