纳米技术在白内障防治中的研究进展

Advances in Nanotechnology for Cataract Prevention and Treatment

摘要: 在全球范围内，白内障仍是导致视力损伤与失明的主要病因，其核心治疗手段仍以超声乳化晶状体摘除联合人工晶状体植入为主。传统手术存在对术后炎症、后发性白内障、角膜内皮损伤及人工晶状体度数测算误差等挑战，然而，药物保守治疗因难以突破眼内多种屏障而效果有限。近年来，纳米技术的发展为白内障诊疗开辟了新思路。基于纳米载体的靶向给药、抗氧化纳米酶、仿生纳米材料以及人工晶状体表面纳米改性等策略，在增强药物生物利用度、减轻氧化应激、抑制晶状体上皮细胞异常增殖及促进视功能恢复方面展现出独特优势。本文旨在系统综述纳米技术在白内障防治中的最新研究进展，探讨其机制、优势及转化前景，以期为眼科精准治疗与新型干预体系的建立提供理论依据与参考。

Abstract: Globally, cataract remains the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness, with phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation serving as the primary therapeutic modality. Conventional cataract surgery is confronted with multiple postoperative complications, including inflammatory reactions, posterior capsule opacification, corneal endothelial damage, and refractive errors arising from inaccurate intraocular lens power calculation. Meanwhile, conservative pharmacological therapy yields limited efficacy owing to the formidable intraocular biological barriers that hinder intraocular drug delivery. In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have brought innovative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cataracts. Nanomaterial-based approaches, such as targeted drug delivery via nanocarriers, antioxidant nanozymes, biomimetic nanomaterials, and nano-surface modification of intraocular lenses, exhibit distinctive merits in boosting drug bioavailability, alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting aberrant proliferation of lens epithelial cells, and facilitating the recovery of visual function. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advances of nanotechnology in the prevention and treatment of cataracts, elaborates on underlying mechanisms, prominent advantages and translational prospects, and aims to provide theoretical foundations and references for precision ophthalmic therapy and the construction of novel intervention regimens.