社会存在理论视域下我国人口老龄化问题研究

Research on the Aging Population in Our Country from the Perspective of Social Existence Theory

摘要: 人口老龄化已成为影响我国经济社会发展全局的基础性变量。以马克思主义社会存在论为理论框架，分析人口因素的核心要义可以发现，其对社会发展起加速或延缓作用，且受社会生产方式的制约。当前我国人口老龄化呈现出老年人口规模大、进程快、区域与城乡分化明显等特征，对劳动力供给、社会保障等构成严峻挑战。究其缘由，根本原因是社会生产方式变革，直接原因是生育率下降，本质是“两种生产”理论，即物质资料再生产与人类自身再生产在现代化进程中的结构性失衡。应对挑战，需从根基性、战略性、保障性与引领性四个维度协同推进，主动调整、优化社会存在结构，重建社会再生产的动态平衡，走出一条具有中国特色的积极应对人口老龄化之路。

Abstract: Population aging has become a fundamental variable affecting the overall economic and social development of our country. Using Marxist theory of social existence as a theoretical framework, analyzing the core essence of population factors reveals that it both accelerates and slows down social development, while also being constrained by the mode of social production. Currently, China’s aging population is characterized by a large elderly population, rapid progress, and significant regional and urban-rural disparities, posing severe challenges to labor supply and social security. At its root, the fundamental cause is the transformation of the mode of social production; the direct cause is the decline in the birth rate; and the essence lies in the theory of “two types of production”—the structural imbalance between the reproduction of material resources and the reproduction of human beings themselves—during the modernization process. To address these challenges, we need to coordinate efforts from four dimensions: fundamental, strategic, protective, and guiding, proactively adjusting and optimizing the structure of social existence, rebuilding the dynamic balance of social reproduction, and forging a path with Chinese characteristics for actively addressing population aging.