基于语料库的“由于”“因为”近义词辨析和偏误分析

“Youyu” and “Yinwei”: A Comparison of Synonyms and Error Analysis Based on a Dynamic Essay Corpus

摘要: 本研究以HSK动态作文语料库和全球汉语中介语语料库为基础，对汉语因果连词“因为”与“由于”开展近义词辨析及二语习得偏误分析。研究发现，二者虽均表因果关系，但在句法、语义和语用上存在显著差异：“因为”侧重客观事实陈述，句法位置灵活，口语通用性强；“由于”强调理据性分析，倾向前置且书面语色彩浓厚，后置时需依赖“是”标记。通过对留学生语料的考察，可将习得偏误划分为语义、语用两大类别；其中语义偏误包含语义重复、语义混淆两类，语用偏误主要体现为语体场景错配。二者语义边界和语体差异习得偏误的产生受多种因素影响：首先，二者语法语义易混是根本原因；其次，学习者目的语规则泛化则加深了理解困难；第三，现有汉语教材将二者译为because的处理方式及教学中语境缺失的教学方式，更增加了辨析难度。

Abstract: Based on the HSK Dynamic Writing Corpus and the Global Chinese as a Medium of Instruction Corpus, this study conducts a comparison of the Chinese causal conjunctions “Yinwei (因为)” and “Youyu (由于)” as synonyms and analyzes errors in second-language acquisition. The study found that although both express causal relationships, there are significant differences between them in terms of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics: “Yinwei (因为)” emphasizes the statement of objective facts, has flexible syntactic placement, and is widely used in spoken language; “Youyu (由于)” emphasizes rational analysis, tends to be placed at the beginning of a sentence, has a strong written language flavor, and requires the marker “Shi (是)” when placed at the end. Based on an analysis of a corpus of international students’ writing, acquisition errors can be divided into two major categories: semantic and pragmatic. Semantic errors include semantic redundancy and confusion of semantic relationships, while pragmatic errors primarily manifest as a mismatch between register and context. The occurrence of errors in acquiring the semantic boundaries and stylistic differences between the two is influenced by multiple factors: First, the tendency to confuse their grammatical and semantic meanings is the root cause; second, negative transfer from the learner’s native language and the generalization of target language rules further compound comprehension difficulties; third, the practice in existing Chinese textbooks of translating both as “because”, combined with teaching methods that lack contextual examples, makes it even more difficult to distinguish between them.