侵犯公民个人信息罪分层法益构造——以制度信赖为核心

Hierarchical Structure of Legal Interests of the Crime of Infringing upon Citizens’ Personal Information—Centered on Institutional Trust

摘要: 侵犯公民个人信息罪的保护法益之争长期困于个人法益与超个人法益的二元对立，传统混合法益说未能厘清二者位阶关系。文章认为，该罪法益应厘定为一种“分层构造”：个人信息自决权为一阶基础法益，公共信息安全为二阶派生法益，后者内核为“制度信赖”。一阶法益的正当性源于其作为信息处理合法性制度起点的规范功能与不可替代的出罪检验任务；二阶法益通过“人身附随性”划定边界，虽派生自一阶法益但具备不可还原为个人权利的独立价值。二者并非平行保护对象，而是同一制度信赖在不同层面的差异表达，二阶法益的适用须受启动前提、评价位序与出罪路径三重限制。

Abstract: The debate over the protected legal interests of the crime of infringing upon citizens’ personal information has long been trapped in the binary opposition between individual legal interests and trans-individual legal interests, and the traditional mixed legal interest theory fails to clarify the hierarchical relationship between them. This article argues that the legal interests of this crime can be constructed in a “hierarchical structure”: the right to self-determination over personal information serves as the first-order basic legal interest, and public information security acts as the second-order derivative legal interest, whose core connotation is “institutional trust”. The legitimacy of the first-order interest derives from its normative function as the starting point of the legitimacy system for information processing and its irreplaceable role in decriminalization tests. The second-order interest demarcates its boundaries through “personal dependency”; although it is derived from the first-order interest, it possesses independent value that cannot be reduced to individual rights. The two are not parallel objects of protection, but rather differential expressions of the same institutional trust at different levels. The application of the second-order interest is subject to threefold constraints: activation prerequisites, evaluative order, and exoneration pathways.