基层治理视角下农村养老服务体系的多元主体协同机制研究

Research on the Multi-Subject Synergy Mechanism of Rural Elderly Care Service System from the Perspective of Grassroots Governance

摘要: 随着我国人口老龄化进程持续加快，农村地区老龄化程度远超城镇，老年人口养老服务需求呈现出多样化、个性化、多层次的核心特征，传统以家庭为核心的单一养老模式，在青壮年人口外流、家庭结构小型化、空心化加剧的背景下已难以满足现实需求。本文以基层治理理论为核心切入点，结合协同治理理论与福利多元主义理论，构建农村养老服务体系的多元主体协同机制研究框架，系统界定政府、社区(村集体)、家庭、市场主体与社会组织五大核心主体的权责边界与功能定位。本文揭示了当前农村养老服务多元主体协同中存在的权责边界模糊、资源孤岛效应凸显、信息壁垒严重、激励约束机制缺失、基层治理能力薄弱五大核心机制障碍。最终从制度框架、资源整合、信息共享、激励机制、基层基础五个维度提出协同机制的优化路径，为破解农村养老服务供需矛盾、推动农村养老服务体系可持续发展提供理论支撑与实践参考，同时为基层治理现代化与积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的乡村落地提供实践路径。

Abstract: With the continuous acceleration of China’s population aging process, the degree of aging in rural areas has far surpassed that in urban areas. The elderly care service needs of the older population present core characteristics of diversification, individualization and multi-level development. Against the backdrop of the outflow of young and middle-aged population, the miniaturization of family structure and the intensifying hollowing-out of rural households, the traditional family-centered single elderly care model has been unable to meet the actual needs. Taking grassroots governance theory as the core entry point, combined with collaborative governance theory and welfare pluralism theory, this paper constructs a research framework for the collaborative mechanism of multiple subjects in the rural elderly care service system, and systematically defines the boundaries of rights and responsibilities as well as the functional positioning of the five core subjects, namely the government, communities (village collectives), families, market entities and social organizations. This paper reveals five core institutional obstacles in the current collaboration of multiple subjects for rural elderly care services, including blurred boundaries of rights and responsibilities, prominent resource island effect, severe information barriers, lack of incentive and restraint mechanisms, and weak grassroots governance capacity. Finally, it proposes optimization paths for the collaborative mechanism from five dimensions: institutional framework, resource integration, information sharing, incentive mechanism, and grassroots foundation. This study provides theoretical support and practical reference for resolving the contradiction between supply and demand of rural elderly care services and promoting the sustainable development of the rural elderly care service system, and also offers a practical path for the modernization of grassroots governance and the rural implementation of the national strategy for actively responding to population aging.