生态话语的文学建构与传播——以《老人与海》为例

Literary Construction and Dissemination of Ecological Discourse —Taking The Old Man and the Sea as an Example

摘要: 海明威的《老人与海》被誉为“对海洋和渔夫刻画最为深刻”的文学佳作。在这部小说中，海明威将大海塑造为具有独立生命的审美对象，淋漓尽致地展现出大自然深邃神秘的特质，深刻传达了人与自然和谐共生的生态理念。本文从生态文学批评的理论视角出发，系统考察《老人与海》中人与自然和谐相处与悲剧性冲突的双重面向，揭示人类中心主义思维下物质欲望与精神需求如何加剧生态失衡，并探讨自然对人类破坏行径的必然惩戒所蕴含的生态警示意义。在此基础上，本文尝试引入传播学的理论视角，将《老人与海》视为一个承载生态信息的“传播文本”，考察其生态话语的建构方式、警示性叙事策略及其跨时空传播的社会影响机制。研究发现，《老人与海》通过故事化、情感化的叙事策略，将抽象的生态理念转化为具体的人物命运，使读者在审美体验中完成生态认知的“情感卷入”；同时，该作品自1952年问世以来，借助多元化的传播渠道实现了生态观念的跨文化、跨时代传播，成为全球生态文化记忆的重要组成部分。本文认为，生态文学批评与传播学的跨学科融合，有助于突破当前生态意识传播面临的“绿色传播困境”，为推动人与自然和谐共生的社会共识建构提供新的理论路径与实践启示。

Abstract: Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea has been acclaimed as the literary masterpiece that “portrays the sea and fishermen most profoundly”. In this novel, Hemingway depicts the sea as an entity with an independent life and an object of aesthetic appreciation, vividly revealing the elusive and mysterious qualities of nature while profoundly conveying the ecological philosophy of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature. From the theoretical perspective of ecocriticism, this paper systematically examines the dual dimensions of harmony and tragic conflict between man and nature in The Old Man and the Sea, revealing how material desires and spiritual needs, under the influence of anthropocentric thinking, exacerbate ecological imbalance. It also explores the ecological warnings embedded in nature’s inevitable retribution against human destructive actions. On this basis, this paper introduces the theoretical perspective of communication studies, treating The Old Man and the Sea as a “communicative text” that carries ecological information, and examines its construction of ecological discourse, its cautionary narrative strategies, and its mechanisms of social influence across time and space. The study finds that through its story-driven and emotionally engaging narrative strategies, The Old Man and the Sea transforms abstract ecological concepts into concrete human destinies, enabling readers to achieve an “emotional involvement” in ecological cognition through aesthetic experience. Moreover, since its publication in 1952, the novel has achieved cross-cultural and cross-temporal dissemination of ecological concepts through diversified communication channels, becoming an integral part of global ecological cultural memory. This paper argues that the interdisciplinary integration of ecocriticism and communication studies can help overcome the current “green communication dilemma” facing the dissemination of ecological awareness, and provide new theoretical pathways and practical insights for the construction of social consensus on harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature.