社会资本理论视角下乡村振兴进程中农村老龄治理的路径重构

Reconstruction of Governance Paths for Rural Elderly Population amid Rural Revitalization from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

摘要: 乡村振兴深入推进叠加农村人口深度老龄化，农村老龄治理已成为基层社会治理的重点工作。第七次全国人口普查数据显示，我国农村60岁及以上人口占比达23.81%，显著高于城镇，县域作为城乡衔接的关键单元，承载了全国超七成农村老年人口。当前农村老龄治理过度依赖政府行政力量，忽视乡土社会资本的内生作用，普遍存在治理效能不足、养老服务供需失衡等问题。结合2026年国务院政府工作报告中健全农村养老服务网络、发展互助养老的政策导向，本文以社会资本理论为分析框架，从结构型、关系型、认知型三个维度，运用文献研究、政策分析与案例研究法展开探究。研究发现，现阶段农村老龄治理深陷三重困境：结构型社会资本断裂，多元协同治理体系尚不健全；关系型社会资本弱化，传统家庭赡养与邻里互助功能持续衰退；认知型社会资本消解，孝老文化与乡村公共精神逐步淡化。结合江苏如皋“时间银行”、浙江德清老龄治理考核等案例分析可知，激活乡土社会资本是提升县域养老治理水平的关键。本文立足乡村五大振兴框架，针对三类社会资本分别提出重构路径，完善多元治理网络、修复乡土互助关系、重塑传统价值理念。本研究拓展了社会资本理论的应用范畴，可为破解农村养老难题、推动乡村振兴与积极老龄化协同发展提供理论参考与实践思路。

Abstract: With the in-depth advancement of rural revitalization and the deepening of rural population aging, governance for the rural elderly has become a key task of grassroots social governance. Data from the Seventh National Population Census shows that the proportion of rural residents aged 60 and above in China reaches 23.81%, notably higher than that in urban areas. As a vital link between urban and rural areas, county regions accommodate more than 70% of the country’s rural elderly population. Currently, rural elderly governance relies excessively on administrative forces of the government while neglecting the endogenous role of rural social capital, leading to prominent problems such as low governance efficiency and mismatched supply and demand of elderly care services. Guided by the requirements of the 2026 State Council Government Work Report on improving the rural elderly care service network and developing mutual-aid elderly care, this paper adopts social capital theory as the analytical framework and conducts research via literature research, policy analysis and case study from three dimensions: structural, relational and cognitive social capital. The study finds that rural elderly governance is trapped in three major dilemmas: the fracture of structural social capital results in an imperfect multi-party collaborative governance system; the weakening of relational social capital leads to the continuous decline of traditional family support and neighborhood mutual assistance for the elderly; the dissipation of cognitive social capital manifests in the gradual fading of filial piety culture and rural public spirit. Case analyses of the “time bank” mutual-aid elderly care in Rugao of Jiangsu Province and the performance assessment of elderly governance in Deqing of Zhejiang Province indicate that activating rural social capital is the key to improving the governance efficiency of elderly care at the county level. Based on the framework of rural revitalization in five aspects, this paper proposes targeted reconstruction paths for the three types of social capital, so as to optimize the multi-party governance network, restore rural mutual assistance relations and reshape traditional values. This research expands the application scope of social capital theory, and provides theoretical references and practical ideas for addressing rural elderly care challenges and promoting the coordinated development of rural revitalization and active aging.