内生型养老服务：中西部农村老龄化应对的实践路径与优化策略——基于山西A县的调研

Endogenous Elderly Care Services: Practical Pathways and Optimization Strategies for Addressing Rural Aging in Central and Western China—Based on Research in County A, Shanxi Province

摘要: 农村养老问题成为乡村振兴战略实施中的关键民生议题。中西部农村受经济发展水平制约、家庭结构变迁及人口外流影响，传统家庭养老功能持续弱化，外生型养老服务模式因脱离乡村实际面临“水土不服”困境。基于内生发展理论，以山西省A县6家内生型养老院为研究对象，通过参与式观察与半结构式访谈，系统分析内生型养老服务的产生基础、实践机制与社会效益。研究发现，家庭发展目标扩大化、乡村社会精英多重目标追求与乡村内生资源有效激活共同催生了内生型养老服务；其通过多元化成本分摊、适配性服务供给与共识性风险控制三重机制，实现了低成本、就地化、情感化养老服务供给；该模式不仅有效调适了农民家庭发展与养老需求的矛盾，更推动了农村养老服务公共性形塑。研究认为，应从深化政策支持、强化资源整合与重建乡村文明三个维度，优化内生型养老服务发展环境，为中西部农村积极应对人口老龄化提供可复制、可推广的实践方案。

Abstract: The issue of rural elderly care has emerged as a critical livelihood concern within the broader rural revitalization strategy. In central and western rural regions, constraints stemming from economic development levels, evolving family structures, and population out migration have persistently weakened traditional family-based elderly support systems. Meanwhile, externally-driven elderly care service models often face challenges of incompatibility with local conditions due to their detachment from rural realities. Based on endogenous development theory, this study examines six endogenous elderly care institutions in County A of Shanxi Province through participatory observation and semi-structured interviews, systematically analyzing the foundations, operational mechanisms, and social benefits of endogenous elderly care services. The findings reveal that the emergence of such services is driven by the expanding goals of family development, the pursuit of multiple objectives by rural social elites, and the effective mobilization of endogenous rural resources. Through mechanisms including diversified cost-sharing, tailored service provision, and consensus-based risk management, endogenous elderly care achieves low-cost, localized, and emotionally supportive service delivery. This model not only reconciles the tension between familial development objectives and elderly care needs but also contributes to the formation of a public-oriented elderly care system in rural areas. The study proposes a tripartite approach—deepening policy support, enhancing resource integration, and revitalizing rural culture—to optimize the environment for endogenous elderly care services, thereby offering a replicable and scalable solution for addressing population aging in central and western rural China.