积极老龄化视角下农村互助养老的现实困境与优化路径研究

Research on the Practical Dilemmas and Optimization Paths of Rural Mutual Assistance Elderly Care from the Perspective of Active Aging

摘要: 我国人口老龄化进程加快，且农村地区老龄化程度高于城镇，农村地区的养老问题日益突出。农村互助养老作为一种低成本、高情感联结、契合乡土社会的养老模式，近年来得到政策鼓励与推广。本文以积极老龄化理论为分析框架，从“健康、参与、保障”三大支柱出发，系统分析我国农村互助养老的实践形态与现实困境。研究发现，当前农村互助养老面临“健康”维度服务内容单一、医养结合不足，“参与”维度内生动力不足、激励机制缺失，“保障”维度制度缺位、资源匮乏等深层困境。这些困境的根源在于积极老龄化理念在政策设计与基层实践中未得到充分贯彻。为此，本文提出强化健康支持体系、激发多元参与活力、夯实制度保障基础的优化路径，以期推动农村互助养老从“生存型”向“积极老龄化型”转变，让农村老年人在熟悉的乡土上实现老有所养、老有所为、老有所乐。

Abstract: The process of population aging in our country is accelerating, and the degree of aging in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas, making the issue of elderly care in rural regions increasingly prominent. Rural mutual aid elderly care, as a low-cost, emotionally connected, and locally adapted care model, has been encouraged and promoted by policies in recent years. This article uses the theory of active aging as an analytical framework and systematically analyzes the practical forms and existing challenges of rural mutual aid elderly care in China from the three main pillars of “health, participation, and security”. The study finds that current rural mutual aid elderly care faces deep-seated difficulties such as limited service content in the “health” dimension and insufficient integration of medical care and elderly care, lack of intrinsic motivation and missing incentive mechanisms in the “participation” dimension, and institutional gaps and resource shortages in the “security” dimension. The root cause of these difficulties lies in the insufficient implementation of the active aging concept in policy design and grassroots practice. Therefore, this article proposes optimization paths including strengthening the health support system, stimulating diversified participation vitality, and consolidating the foundation of institutional security, aiming to promote the transformation of rural mutual aid elderly care from a “survival type” to an “active aging type”, enabling rural elderly people to be cared for, to contribute, and to enjoy life in their familiar hometowns.