黑格尔伦理观中的生命辩证法

The Dialectic of Life in Hegel’s Conception of Ethics

摘要: 人的生命具有自然性、精神性与社会性三重规定。自然生命是个体自在自发、无需外部中介即可延续的欲望性存在；精神生命则使人超越动物性，成为自由自觉的存在，但它并非天然生成，而须以扬弃自然生命的任性为前提，经由教化方能确立。黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中通过故意、意图、良心诸环节，揭示了主观意志如何在教化中完成从自然生命向精神道德生命的过渡；进而在伦理实体的环节中，个体的特殊意志与共同体的普遍性达成统一，自然生命与精神生命由此获得具体的、现实的统一，人的社会性本质得以实现。本文以黑格尔的生命辩证法为线索，结合马克思关于人的本质是“一切社会关系的总和”的论述，阐释自然生命向精神生命辩证生成、并最终在伦理共同体中达成同一的哲学逻辑。

Abstract: Human life is characterized by a threefold determination: the natural, the spiritual, and the social. Natural life is the individual’s self-contained and spontaneous existence as a being of desire, sustained without need of external mediation. Spiritual life, by contrast, enables the human being to transcend mere animality and become a free, self-conscious being; yet spiritual life is not naturally given but is established only through Bildung, on the premise of the sublation (Aufhebung) of the arbitrariness (Willkür) proper to natural life. In the Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Hegel discloses, through the moments of purpose (Vorsatz), intention (Absicht), and conscience (Gewissen), how the subjective will accomplishes—by way of Bildung—its transition from natural life to spiritual and moral life. Further, within the moment of ethical life (Sittlichkeit), the individual’s particular will attains identity with the universality of the community; natural life and spiritual life thereby achieve a concrete, actual unity, and the social essence of the human being is realized. Taking Hegel’s dialectic of life as its guiding thread, and drawing on Marx’s account of the human essence as “the ensemble of the social relations,” this article expounds the philosophical logic whereby natural life dialectically gives rise to spiritual life and ultimately attains identity within the ethical community.