社区全民健身空间老年群体无障碍的隐性排斥及其包容路径研究

Hidden Exclusion and Pathways to Inclusion: Accessibility for Older Adults in Community National Fitness Spaces

摘要: 为揭示社区全民健身空间无障碍制度中的隐性排斥机制，构建从“可进入”到“可融入”的制度性包容分析路径，本研究以制度性包容理论为分析视角，采用文献回顾与理论推演方法，建构了“可进入–可使用–可参与–可融入”四维分析框架，系统梳理社区全民健身无障碍制度在标准供给、资源配置、服务组织、协同治理与效果评估等维度上的运行逻辑。研究发现，社区体育无障碍存在多层面的隐性排斥：空间通达性不足构成进入壁垒；器材不适配与“软无障碍”缺位造成使用困难；以风险规避为核心的“保护性限制”削减参与机会；部门协同缺失与评估导向偏差引致系统性排斥。制度性包容的路径在于：以权益保障为出发点，以合理便利与差异化支持为操作路径，以使用者参与和成效评估为持续机制。由此推动从“设施导向”向“服务导向”、从“供给驱动”向“需求驱动”的转变，最终实现老年人的实质性社会融入。

Abstract: To reveal the implicit exclusion mechanisms embedded in community fitness space accessibility systems and to construct an analytical pathway from “accessibility” to “social inclusion”, this study adopts the perspective of institutional inclusion theory and employs literature review and theoretical deduction methods. A four-dimensional analytical framework of “accessibility, usability, participation, social inclusion” is developed to systematically examine how institutional arrangements operate across five dimensions: standard provision, resource allocation, service organization, collaborative governance, and effectiveness evaluation. The findings show that multi-layered implicit exclusion persists in community sports accessibility. At the accessibility level, insufficient spatial connectivity and access barriers erect entry barriers. At the usability level, equipment incompatibility and the absence of “soft accessibility” (i.e., informational and attitudinal accessibility) create usage difficulties. At the participation level, risk-averse “protective restriction” curtails participation opportunities. At the social inclusion level, insufficient interdepartmental coordination and evaluation misalignment engender systemic exclusion. The pathways of institutional inclusion lie in: taking rights and interests protection as the starting point, operationalizing through reasonable accommodation and differentiated support, and sustaining through user participation and outcome-oriented evaluation mechanisms. This facilitates a transition from facility-oriented to service-oriented approaches, from supply-driven to demand-driven models, and from construction efficiency to participation effectiveness, ultimately advancing the inclusive social integration of older adults.