算法支配下分配正义的失衡与重塑——以外卖平台用工关系认定为分析样本

The Imbalance and Reshaping of Distributive Justice under the Domination of Algorithms—Taking the Recognition of Employment Relationships in Food Delivery Platforms as an Analysis Sample

摘要: 数字算法技术的普及重构了传统用工模式与社会财富分配格局，以外卖平台为代表的新业态用工体系，依托算法自动化决策实现劳动全过程管控与利益分配主导。算法工具理性的过度扩张打破了劳资双方的权利义务平衡，引发分配正义在实质公平、程序公正与权利对等层面的多重失衡。当前，我国外卖平台用工关系认定标准僵化，传统从属性判断范式难以适配算法用工的隐蔽化、碎片化、数字化特征，导致骑手陷入劳动关系模糊、法律适用不明的困境，劳动报酬、休息权、社会保障等合法权益难以得到有效保障。文章立足于法理学分配正义核心内涵，以外卖平台用工关系为分析样本，剖析算法支配下分配正义失衡的现实困境和具象表现。结合算法治理逻辑与新业态用工特点，探索分配正义的重塑路径：完善用工法律认定规则、构建算法透明规制机制、健全多元权益分配体系、完善司法与社会共治机制。以此实现数字时代劳动分配的公平正义，推动数字经济与劳动权益保障的协同发展，在数字产业发展与新业态劳动者权益保护之间寻求平衡。

Abstract: The widespread adoption of digital algorithmic technology has restructured traditional employment models and the distribution of social wealth. The new employment system represented by food delivery platforms relies on algorithmic automated decision-making to achieve full-process labor control and dominant interest distribution. The excessive expansion of algorithmic tool rationality disrupts the balance of rights and obligations between labor and capital, triggering multiple imbalances in distributive justice across substantive fairness, procedural equity, and equal rights. Currently, China’s standards for defining employment relationships in food delivery platforms are rigid, making traditional subordination-based judgment paradigms ill-suited to the concealed, fragmented, and digitalized characteristics of algorithmic employment. This leaves delivery workers trapped in ambiguous labor relations and unclear legal applicability, resulting in inadequate protection of their legitimate rights such as labor compensation, rest rights, and social security. Based on the core connotation of distributive justice in jurisprudence, this study analyzes the food delivery platform employment relationship as a case study to dissect the practical dilemmas and concrete manifestations of distributive justice imbalances under algorithmic dominance. By integrating algorithmic governance logic with the features of new employment forms, it explores pathways to reconstruct distributive justice: improving employment legal recognition rules, establishing algorithmic transparency regulations, refining diversified rights distribution systems, and enhancing judicial and social co-governance mechanisms. In doing so, it seeks to achieve fair and just labor distribution in the digital era, promote the coordinated development of the digital economy and labor rights protection, and strike a balance between the growth of digital industries and the safeguarding of new-form workers’ fundamental rights.