马克思与麦金太尔正义观的比较探析

A Comparative Analysis of the Conceptions of Justice between Marx and MacIntyre

摘要: 马克思与麦金太尔都有关于正义的言论，且二者的正义观具有隐秘关联。但是，由于两者立足不同时代语境，所以解决的时代课题不同，正义观就会有所差异。二者正义观的共同点表现为，一是均坚决拒斥自由主义的正义观念，二是突破抽象个体权利的局限，三是强调正义的社会属性，同时均将正义诉诸社会实践。但共性之中又有特性，在理论内核上分别侧重制度正义与德性正义，理论根基分属唯物史观与历史主义，研究方法体现为社会分析与历史叙事的区别，解决路径则分别指向人的自由全面发展与社会德性复兴。厘清马克思与麦金太尔正义思想的内在关联与分歧，能够提供对正义概念的多元研究视角，还对道德建设具有启示作用。

Abstract: Both Marx and MacIntyre expounded on justice, and there exists a latent connection between their conceptions of justice. Nevertheless, situated in distinct historical contexts, they address different contemporary issues, which leads to divergences in their views of justice. Their shared grounds lie in three aspects: first, both firmly reject liberal conceptions of justice; second, they transcend the limitations of abstract individual rights; third, they underscore the social nature of justice and ground justice in social practice. For all these commonalities, differences persist. In terms of theoretical core, they emphasize institutional justice and virtue justice respectively. Their theoretical foundations rest on historical materialism and historicism. Their research methods differ in class analysis versus historical narrative, and their solutions point toward the free and all-round development of human beings and the revival of social virtues. Clarifying the internal connections and divergences between Marx’s and MacIntyre’s thoughts on justice can furnish multiple perspectives for researching the concept of justice and offer enlightenment for moral construction in China.