SERS技术在食品安全检测领域的应用及研究进展

Application and Research Progress of SERS Technology in the Field of Food Safety Detection

摘要: 食品安全是民生根本，传统色谱、质谱等检测方法存在前处理烦琐、检测周期长、设备昂贵、无法现场快速筛查等短板，难以满足全流程食品安全实时监管需求。表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS)依托贵金属纳米材料的等离子体增强效应，可将分子拉曼散射信号放大10⁴~10¹⁰倍，具备超高灵敏度、分子指纹特异性、无损快速、不受水分干扰、样品用量少、可便携化等突出优势，成为食品痕量污染物快速检测的前沿核心技术。本文系统阐述SERS信号两大增强机理，分类梳理胶体、固体、复合柔性三大类SERS活性基底的制备与性能特点，从农兽药残留、食源性致病菌、食品添加剂与非法添加物、重金属、生物毒素、液体食品六个方面阐述近年来应用研究成果，剖析当前SERS基底重现性差、复杂基质干扰、标准化缺失、多组分同步检测困难等核心瓶颈，最后从新型基底开发、联用技术集成、智能光谱解析、标准化体系构建、便携式设备产业化等方向展望发展趋势，为SERS技术在食品监管、企业自检领域落地应用提供理论参考。

Abstract: Food safety is fundamental to people’s livelihoods. Traditional detection methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry suffer from drawbacks including cumbersome pretreatment, long detection cycles, expensive equipment, and inability to perform on-site rapid screening, making it difficult to meet the real-time monitoring needs of the entire food safety chain. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), relying on the plasmonic enhancement effect of noble metal nanomaterials, can amplify molecular Raman scattering signals by a factor of 10⁴ to 10¹⁰. It offers outstanding advantages such as ultra-high sensitivity, molecular fingerprint specificity, non-destructive and rapid analysis, immunity to water interference, minimal sample consumption, and portability, establishing itself as a cutting-edge core technology for rapid detection of trace contaminants in food. This paper systematically elaborates on the two major enhancement mechanisms of SERS signals, categorically reviews the preparation and performance characteristics of three types of SERS-active substrates—colloidal, solid, and composite flexible substrates—and summarizes recent application research results from six aspects: pesticide and veterinary drug residues, foodborne pathogens, food additives and illegal additives, heavy metals, biotoxins, and liquid foods. It analyzes current core bottlenecks such as poor substrate reproducibility, complex matrix interference, lack of standardization, and difficulties in simultaneous multi-component detection. Finally, it discusses future development trends in directions such as novel substrate development, integrated combined technologies, intelligent spectral analysis, establishment of standardization systems, and industrialization of portable devices, providing theoretical references for the practical application of SERS technology in food supervision and enterprise self-inspection fields.