城市老年人社会适应困境的社会工作介入研究——基于D市T区的实践

Research on Social Work Intervention for the Social Adaptation Dilemmas of Urban Elderly—Based on the Practice in District T of City D

摘要: 随着我国人口老龄化持续深化，城市老年群体在社会角色转换、关系重构及安全防护等方面面临日益突出的适应困境。本研究以生态系统理论和社会支持理论为框架，基于D市T区的实地调研，系统考察了城市老年人在角色适应、社会交往、数字融入与防诈骗等方面的困境及其成因。研究发现，T区老年人的社会适应问题呈现个体认知固化、家庭支持弱化与社区服务碎片化叠加的复合型特征，且角色中断、社交萎缩、数字排斥与诈骗风险构成了自我强化的闭环。对此，研究提出“个案赋能–小组互助–社区营造”三维联动的介入策略：微观层面通过认知重建与数字赋能修复心理防线，中观层面通过兴趣小组与代际沟通重建互助联结，宏观层面通过内生力量培育、反诈体系构建与服务功能深化优化支持环境。研究同时反思了资源保障不足、数字赋能与包容性的内在张力、社工角色认知模糊等现实挑战，并提出系统意识、增能意识与可持续意识三大核心理念，以求为推动养老服务从项目化运作迈向制度化保障提供理论与实践参考。

Abstract: As China’s population continues to age, urban elderly populations face increasingly prominent adaptation challenges in areas such as role transition, relationship reconstruction, and safety protection. Based on ecosystem theory and social support theory, this study draws on field research conducted in District T of City D to systematically examine the difficulties and underlying causes experienced by urban older adults in role adaptation, social interaction, digital inclusion, and fraud prevention. The findings reveal that social adaptation issues among the elderly in District T exhibit a complex pattern characterized by rigid individual cognition, weakened family support, and fragmented community services. Moreover, role disruption, social withdrawal, digital exclusion, and vulnerability to fraud form a self-reinforcing cycle. In response, the study proposes a three-dimensional intervention strategy—“individual empowerment, group mutual aid, and community building”. At the micro level, psychological defenses are strengthened through cognitive reconstruction and digital empowerment; at the meso level, interest-based groups and intergenerational communication rebuild supportive connections; and at the macro level, endogenous capacity development, anti-fraud system construction, and service function optimization enhance the overall support environment. The study also reflects on practical challenges, including insufficient resource allocation, inherent tensions between digital empowerment and inclusivity, and ambiguous perceptions of social workers’ roles. It further identifies three core principles—systemic awareness, empowerment orientation, and sustainability—to provide theoretical and practical guidance for transforming elderly care services from project-based operations toward institutionalized safeguards.