代际分离视角下农村老年人养老旅游的需求转型

The Transformation of Elderly Tourism Demand among Rural Older Adults from the Perspective of Interdenominational Separation

摘要: 人口深度老龄化叠加城镇化加速推进，大量农村老年人因子女进城定居而被动进入代际居住分离状态。本文基于家庭社会学与福利多元化理论，综合利用第五次中国城乡老年人生活状况抽样调查、国家统计局人口数据等权威资料，系统分析代际居住分离对农村老年人养老需求结构的影响。研究发现，代际居住分离与农村老年人养老服务需求之间存在显著的相关性，但本文审慎使用因果性结论，更多采用可能影响、存在关联等表述。在需求分析中，明确区分了需求与有效需求，指出受支付能力约束，部分需求无法转化为实际消费。代际居住分离已成为农村家庭的常态，其直接后果是传统家庭养老功能的空间性弱化和社会性断裂。在生存型保障需求仍高度依赖家庭的同时，老年人对社会化养老服务以及对旅居康养等新型养老方式的需求明显上升，养老需求正从以家庭照料为核心的单维模式，向家庭兜底 + 社会补充 + 旅居拓展的复合结构转移。然而，农村养老服务供给总量不足、城乡分布失衡，严重制约了需求转移后的有效承接。基于福利多元化理论中的政府失灵与市场失灵视角，这些短板本质上反映了政府难以满足差异化需求、市场在信息不对称下供给不公的双重困境。与此同时，农村老年人并非被动接受者，而是通过邻里互助、结伴旅游等方式展现积极的能动性。代际居住分离本质上标示着养老责任从家庭独担向社会共担的结构性转移，而旅居康养等旅游形式为农村老年人提供了第三养老空间。应从制度设计、服务供给、文化建设与内生资源激活四重路径推动多元化养老保障体系的构建，尤其应重视发展邻里互助式养老、培育本土人才、探索资源入股社区养老模式等接地气举措。

Abstract: Profound population aging, coupled with accelerated urbanization, has led a large number of rural older adults to be passively placed in a state of internationalization residential separation as their children move to cities for settlement. Drawing on family sociology and welfare pluralism theory, this paper comprehensively utilizes authoritative data from the Fifth Sampling Survey on the Living Conditions of the Urban and Rural Elderly in China and demographic statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics to systematically analyze the impact of internationalization residential separation on the structure of eldercare needs among rural older adults. The study finds that there is a significant correlation between internationalization residential separation and rural older adults’ demand for eldercare services; however, this paper prudently refrains from drawing causal conclusions, adopting expressions such as may affect or is associated with. In the analysis of needs, a clear distinction is made between need and effective demand, noting that due to affordability constraints, some needs cannot be translated into actual consumption. Internationalization residential separation has become the norm for rural families, with direct consequences being the spatial weakening and social rupture of traditional family eldercare functions. While basic survival needs remain highly dependent on the family, older adults’ demand for socialized eldercare services and emerging care models such as residential health and wellness tourism has markedly increased. The eldercare needs of the elderly are shifting from a family-centered single-dimensional model to a composite structure characterized by family safety net + social supplementation + residential tourism extension. However, the overall insufficiency and urban-rural imbalance in the supply of rural eldercare services severely constrain the effective absorption of transferred needs. From the perspective of government failure and market failure within welfare pluralism theory, these shortcomings essentially reflect the dual dilemma that the government struggles to meet differentiated demands while the market, under information asymmetry, supplies inequitably. At the same time, rural older adults are not passive recipients; they actively demonstrate agency through neighborhood mutual aid, group travel, and other means. Internationalization residential separation essentially signals a structural shift in eldercare responsibility from the family alone to shared societal responsibility, and forms of tourism such as residential health and wellness tourism provide rural older adults with a “third space for eldercare”. A multipillar eldercare security system should be promoted through four pathways: institutional design, service provision, cultural construction, and activation of endogenous resources. In particular, down-to-earth measures such as developing neighborhood mutual-aid eldercare, cultivating local talents, and exploring resource-sharing community care models should be prioritized.