人口老龄化下延迟退休的“双刃剑”

The “Double-Edged Sword” of Delayed Retirement in the Face of an Aging Population

摘要: 在人口老龄化背景下，延迟退休已成为我国应对劳动力短缺与养老金压力的重要战略。延迟退休是一把“双刃剑”，在释放老年人力资源红利、缓解社会保障压力的同时，也可能引发代际就业挤出、生育意愿抑制、收入分配失衡等多重负面结果。本文通过梳理延迟退休的双重效应，从劳动力市场、生育决策、代际公平、产业适配等维度，借鉴国际经验，提出构建年龄包容性劳动力市场、完善弹性退休制度、优化养老金融体系等系统性优化路径。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of an aging population, the policy of delaying retirement has become a key strategy for China to address labor shortages and pension pressures. Delaying retirement is a “double-edged sword”: while it unleashes the human resource dividend of the elderly and alleviates pressure on the social security system, it may also trigger multiple negative consequences, such as intergenerational employment crowding out, suppressed fertility, and imbalances in income distribution. By examining the dual effects of the delayed retirement policy, this paper draws on international experience to propose systematic optimization pathways—including building an age-inclusive labor market, improving flexible retirement systems, and optimizing the pension finance system—from the perspectives of the labor market, fertility decisions, intergenerational equity, and industrial adaptation.